A Biography of Nelson Mandela :: Nelson Mandela Biography

A Biography of Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela is decided to be one of the best political pioneers of present day times. Among his numerous achievements are the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his devotion to the battle against racial mistreatment in South Africa and setting up popular government there and turning into the leader of South Africa in 1994 after their first multiracial decisions. Nelson was conceived as the cultivate child of a Thembu boss in Umtata (presently the area of Eastern Cape) and brought up in a conventional inborn culture inside the grasps of politically-sanctioned racial segregation, a ground-breaking arrangement of dark persecution that existed in South Africa. After years as a helpless understudy and law assistant in Johannesburg, he accepted a significant job in the African National Congress (ANC), a social equality gathering. He additionally helped structure the ANC Youth League in the 1950's. He was blamed for treachery in 1956 however was absolved in 1961. From 1960-1962 Mandel a drove the NAC's para military wing known as Umkhonto we Sizwe which mean Lance of the Nation. He was captured in August of 1962, condemned to five years in jail and keeping in mind that detained was again indicted for damage and conspiracy and was condemned to life detainment in june, 1964 at the acclaimed Rivonia Trial. During his twenty-seven years in jail, Nelson Mandela turned into an image of protection from the white-ruled nation of South Africa all through the world. After complex arrangement, Mandela was at last discharged from jail by President F.W. deKlerk in February, 1990, in the wake of lifting the long restriction on the ANC. Mandela's discharge from jail denoted the start of the finish of politically-sanctioned racial segregation in South Africa when he by and by turned into the top of the ANC. He started the procedure to from another constitution in South Africa which would permit political capacity to the dark greater part. At last in 1991 the South African govern ment revoked the laws that had maintained politically-sanctioned racial segregation. In May, 1994 Nelson Mandela turned out to be South Africa's first dark president after the nation's first multiracial decisions were held. His objective was to accommodate monetary and social development for the dark greater part that had been mistreated for such a long time by the arrangement of politically-sanctioned racial segregation.

Ethics in Journalism Essay Sample

Morals in Journalism Essay Sample Morals in Journalism Essay Reporting is one of the most significant fields of training that each individual ought to need to consider with their training and exercises. This is the utilization of news announcing made by writers to a specific situation or condition that is applicable to the network. The objective of news-casting is to give attention to the general population in regards to the drifting news and most recent updates our society’s exercises. For this situation, esteeming the criticalness of news revealing compare to moral applications for each writer and news systems for showing and detailing significant data to general society. The fundamental intention is to educate general society in regards to a situation that may make a hazard the included network. The explanation for is to forestall any dangers or perils that are making a pressure the general public. Morals in news coverage accompanies a mindful method of transferring data to general society. One of the primary reasons is to forestall clashing interests with the general population just as with the neighborhood government units. Each point by point news report accompanies the standard of veracity on the grounds that the open has to know the realness of the data being distributed on the web. Dependable distribution of articles and news announcing accompanies an expert obligation by the writers. The explanation for is to guarantee that the efficiency of the news gets solid to the general population. Relating data as indicated by their advantage gives motivation to the general public to render their trust with the writer who is answerable for revealing certain news. In the event that the writer keeps on giving an expert method of distributing important news, they begin to pick up regard from their kindred partner just as by people in general. We for the most part see that various phony news reports are presently multiplying over the web. Models are news about a superstar or a political symbol that died as of late. In any case, the legitimacy of the article distributed online neglects to check it in light of the fact that the individual who distributed the article isn't an official writer. Columnists some of the time are in danger of submitting copied news detailing because of the way that data that has been accounted for has comparative substance with the reporter’s news report. This is the motivation behind why news systems built up a coordinated answering to guarantee that copyright encroachments won't influence significant news systems liable for advancing news and most recent updates. Morals in news coverage applies with the regard of protection for people or respondents who would prefer not to have their names or face showed by the camera and the PC illustrations master of the news arrange. One of the most significant moral utilizations of news coverage is to report a specific situation that doesn't disregard the privileges of others. The purpose for is to forestall any defilement of viewer’s minds as they are excited about tuning in or viewing the news to get mindful of any important data that influences their own issues. Models are bigotry, erotic entertainment, obscenity, realistic picture or recordings, separation, despise discourse, verbal contentions, or purposeful isolation. Correspondents edit their articles or news before distributing it on the open space to forestall any danger of engaging in claims. A few columnists are generally gathered by courts for engaging in criticism or defamation claims documented by the complainant who was irritated by the article or the news as of late answered to people in general (Ames, 2011). Reference Ames, Roger T. (2011). Confucian Role Ethics: A Vocabulary. College of Hawaiê »i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3576-7.

Jurisprudence and corporate Social Responsibility Essay - 1

Law and corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example the â€Å"first prudence of social establishments, as truth is of frameworks of thought.† Therefore, equity can be recognized from sympathy, leniency, liberality, kindness and noble cause. The comprehension of the idea of equity differs between social orders relying upon their folklore, religion and shared history. In any case, the regular element about the idea of equity in each general public is that it is affected by values made by the society’s morals. For the most part, equity has been seen by social orders as either concordance, regular law, divine order, a human creation, a common understanding, a subordinate property and even as a deceit. The obligation of the guaranteeing that equity is agreed to each individual from the general public is a corporate social duty. There are various methodologies or speculations that can be applied in characterizing what comprises equity in a nation. The three speculations of equity that will be examined in this paper are Justice as Fairness, Utilitarianism and Libertarianism. As per utilitarianism, a general public can be supposed to be simply if its foundations and laws advance the best aggregate or normal bliss of everything about part (Hare 1982). The inquiry in this hypothesis is â€Å"how we decide the general joy as well as fulfillment of every individual from the society?† Therefore, this hypothesis can be said to give an aberrant way to deal with the issue of equity since equity isn't care for weight or temperature that can legitimately estimated. Customarily, utilitarianism depended upon the record of types of association and social conditions fundamental for the acknowledgment of this great. It additionally depended on the hypothesis of human great, that will be, what was however to be useful for people or that which they required for them to thrive (Mary 1973). The issue here is that it isn't workable for all individuals to concede to what sort of things or life is attractive. For instance, lenders, clergymen, savvy people, craftsmen, troopers, salespersons or competitors have

Freges Puzzle of Identity Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freges Puzzle of Identity Statements - Essay Example Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege, a German logician, was one of the author fathers of setting up an efficient and explanatory way to deal with the way of thinking of language. He organized the possibility of intelligently demonstrating the measured proclamations. In Frege's way of thinking of language he discovered two riddles, of which one identified with the character of proclamations. Frege says Presently if we somehow happened to see equity as a connection between that which the names 'an' and 'b' assign, no doubt a = b couldn't contrast from a = a (for example given a = b is valid). A connection would along these lines be communicated of a thing to itself, and for sure one in which every thing stands to itself yet to no other thing (Bencivenga E, 1993). Here, he saw that simple portrayal of names and depictions doesn't pass on the data substance of an announcement or a sentence as far as rationale and importance. He further examined and found that at least two relations are required for noteworthy comprehension of the language. In the resulting sections we will talk about the Frege's Puzzle of character articulations in detail and sensibly legitimize the arrangement of the riddle as proposed by Frege himself. Character articulations are the articulations that compare the items on the two sides of the personality sign (Geach, O. also, Black, Max, 1960). For instance, (2+3) = 5, Clint is Eastwood and John is Peter's dad. Every one of these announcements basically have a place with a similar faction of kind a= b. The announcement a = b can possibly remain constant when an and b both speak to a similar article or a person. Presently, consider an announcement of kind a = a. This announcement additionally requires a similar truth condition as required for the announcement of kind a = b. For both the cases, object or the individual is same and furthermore, the significations speak to a similar individual or the article. Be that as it may, the significance passed on in the two cases is unique. This has all the earmarks of being a dumbfounding circumstance as the portrayals of a special item or an individual have a distinction while being valid simultaneously. The Frege's riddle expresses that wh en the distinction in the portrayals, that is, an or b isn't built up by the two cases viable, at that point how we can discover the distinction in importance or intellectual centrality between the two genuine character articulations (Fiengo, Robert and May, Robert, 2006). Intellectual Significance of the Difference of Identity Statements To determine the issue of contrast, we initially comprehend intellectual hugeness of a name or an announcement. Psychological noteworthiness of an announcement, as brought out by Frege, must be portrayed by two significant parts of the announcement, to be specific, 'sense' and 'reference' (Zalta, Edward N, 2005). Here, the 'sense' of the announcement passes on more data then its understanding by unimportant visual assessment (Schirn, M, 1976). Also, 'sense' is the vital piece of the name and various names are related with various 'sense' (Zalta, Edward N, 2005). A gathering of at least two explanations may demonstrate or allude to a solitary item yet every announcement has its very own extraordinary feeling. Next, we get the differentiation between the

Benjamin Franklins Poetry Essay

This is an exploration paper which I will investigate on the examination of Benjamin Franklins considerations and Ideals on comments concerning the Savages of North America and The Way to Wealth. Benjamin Franklins (1706-1790) who was a prestigious author father of the United States, he took an interest in its advancement as a savant, researcher, distributer and a main essayist who is significant throughout the entire existence of American history. He composed a great deal of writing materials which are of embodiment even today and they are utilized in many examination of human turn of events and occupation. He is credited for being the originator of the American character and qualities he took an interest by edifying individuals the significance of instruction, network administration and difficult work so they would have the option to create themselves. He additionally stressed on building self overseeing foundations which are not legitimate but rather those which shows feeling of initiative to thriving of the Americans. In this examination paper I will investigate his writing in The Way to Wealth which is additionally know as Father Abrahams Sermon which he wrote in 1758 and Savages of North America which he wrote in 1784. The review of The Way to Wealth had its topic dependent on cheapness and hard working attitudes. While, Savages of North America is a portrayal whose topic depends on the contrast between the socialized North American culture and the Indians who were alluded to as unseemly. As per Wohlpart (1996) the American Citizens were quite worried about being intensely burdened by the legislature and they mentioned Benjamin reaction which they anticipated energetically. Incredibly Benjamin expressed his genuine thoughts to address on how they would have the option to hoist themselves from neediness and utilize the inactive time they had. He told them that they are burdened thrice by their pride, thrice by their inaction and multiple times by their indiscretion and there was have to change how they worked. He let them know â€Å"God encourages them that help themselves† and thusly they should plan something important for ease themselves from destitution. He let them realize that those individuals who love life they don't waste time for it is the thing that life is made of. He tested them for extended periods of time which they spend snoozing realizing very well that resting fox doesn't get poultry. He let them know â€Å"Time is money† and â€Å"lost time is never found again† in this way it was imperative to utilize each time one has available to them. He also prompted them it is just being right on time to bed and ahead of schedule to ascend which makes on well off and they ought not endure apathy as it voyages extremely moderate in this manner being surpassed by destitution. He composed that â€Å"There are no increases, without pains† so they ought not expectation and wish for better occasions on the grounds that the individuals who live trusting will bite the dust fasting. The individuals who have exchange they have domains while the individuals who have workplaces they make benefits and the must take a shot at them so they would profitable enough to make good on their charges and have enough to build up their lives. He guaranteed the Americans that if at all they are enterprising they will never starve as he let them know â€Å"diligence is the mother of good lack†. He underscored that one ought to do what is conceivable today without deferring it tomorrow in light of the fact that â€Å"one today is worth two tomorrows† and any postpone will simply result to things being pilled up fixed the next day (Wohlpart, 1996). The motivation behind why they should accept his recommendation genuine is on the grounds that there is a great deal which they expected to accomplish for themselves, their nation and families and this would just have been accomplished by trying sincerely and being not inert. He urged every one of them to be their own lords and they ought not get themselves inactive as nobody would wish to be discovered inert by their lord. He caused them to comprehend that recreation isn't inertness however when one does significant things he composed â€Å"A life of relaxation and an existence of sluggishness are two things† meaning that they ought to too take the time which they allude as recreation significant and accomplish something valuable yet not waste what they have worked for long and energetically. In his works â€Å"Get what you can, and what you get hold† he implied that more often than not gains are stopped dubious and calmly and they ought to be all around monitored on the grounds that as he prompted them that it is vastly improved to â€Å"go to bed dinner not exactly to ascend in debt†. This was intended to urge them to live inside their methods and assume responsibility for their riches. Benjamin in his review Salvages on North America which analyzed North Americans social orders which he alluded to as enlightened and the Indians who were savage. He introduced it in utilizing the episode of the settlement of Lancer which the legislative head of Pennsylvania introduced a thought of assuming the liability to give all the solace of the youthful Indians who will be sent to schools (Lemay 2000). Benjamin appears on how the local populace of the Indian Taught the North Americans about social relativism. By understanding that various countries ordinarily have distinctive origination, he composed that the Indians when they are youthful they are warriors and trackers and when they grow up they are instructors. While, the ladies nurture and raise their kids and till they ground for food, it is additionally their duty to protect open exchanges which they ignore to the cutting edge through oral lessons. As indicated by Lemay (2000) this type of work which was considerably more characteristic was stopped distinctive on with the formalized development in the Northern America where there is government with the end goal of enactments and upkeep of request and a great situation for organizations to flourish. The ways of life likewise require it to have penitentiaries, and officials who use power to constrain submission among the residents. This is on the grounds that human advancements join multifaceted nature in the board and organization of the general public that why they need set up frameworks to assume responsibility for. The Indians despite the fact that their young people are proposed to be prepared in the white school and their installments be met by Government of Virginia they guarantee it would be of no utilization on the grounds that after the preparation they won't be of any utilization at their nation of origin. Since employment in India was finished by being a warrior or tracker for men and dealing with youngsters and resource development by women which was not being tended to by the conventional inclining of science and different investigations which they were being educated. Indians are a lot of well mannered and when they held their open gatherings they were a lot of precise and regarded every others thought and they didn't disturb each other. Interferences in any event, when one is bantering with each other are viewed as being exceptionally profane, in light of the fact that their introductions were not composed and any disturbances would meddle with the series of contemplations which would prompt overlook what one expected to convey. Benjamin analyzed on how jumbled and ill bred the British House of hall is which there are visit disarray as members continues intruding on one another and the speaker needs to mediate to look after organization (Lemay 2000). This shows on how he was captivated by the intensity of oral culture which was ignored ages orally by the six countries in India which is systematic when contrasted with the disorderly impolite conversations by so known socialized countries. The Indians had a great deal of respectfulness when contrasted with the residents of North America; the Indians were cordial to the Americans when they visit them. They are dealt with without pay yet when Indians visits them they do pay for everything which they spent. Benjamin in his review he appears on how holy places would be viewed as evil places by on lookers that they are not implied for the individuals who go there to be trained beneficial things however puts where representatives gather to set costs against the local merchants. This is on the grounds that the white pilgrims are seen being progressively barbarous and impolite by the Indians in their lifestyle and that the motivation behind why they meet each other seventh day. The fundamental idea of this review Benjamin was attempting to show the diverse of the cultivated and unrefined social orders. This demonstrates acknowledgment and request of equity among various individuals had far to go in light of the fact that they are in various locales which has various necessities to help their work. In this way its significance for each cultural arrangement to stick to their standards and practice which underpins their solidarity and improvement in what they take an interest together (Baym, 1998). The fundamental worry of the American was on how they would have the option to set up industrialization to meet their increasing average cost for basic items and have the option to make good on charge while the Indians concern is on how one would be a decent worrier and advisor when matured. This shows on how mankind ought to have the option to utilize the assets available to them to better their occupation. Work refered to Baym, Nina. The Norton Anthology of American Literature: Beginnings to 1875. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1998 Lemay, Leo. Comments Concerning the Savages of North America. 2000 <<http://www. yvwiiusdinvnohii. net/history/BenjaminFranklin1784. htm>> Wohlpart, Jim. Benjamin Franklin’s â€Å"The Way to Wealth†. College of South Florida in Fort Myers. 1996 << http://itech. fgcu. edu/staff/wohlpart/alra/franklin. htm >>

Can Long-Distance Relationships Work

Can Long-Distance Relationships Work Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Can Long-Distance Relationships Work? By Anabelle Bernard Fournier Updated on February 03, 2020  undrey/Getty Images   More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse In our increasingly mobile and connected world, we have opportunities to meet and learn from people from all over the world. And with these opportunities come more chances of finding love, sometimes thousands of miles away from home. Long-distance relationships (LDRs) used to be an anomaly, often happening later in an established couple. One member would have to move for studies, work, or military service, and the relationship had to adapt to this change. But nowadays, we can fall in love at a distance tooâ€"with the internet, its easier than ever to establish relationships, romantic or otherwise, even before seeing the other person in real life, or IRL. What challenges do LDRs have that typical relationships do not? How can people in an LDR ensure the success of their relationship? We will explore these questions in this article. Particular Challenges of Long-Distance Relationships Although every romantic relationship has challenges, studies show that long-distance relationships have a set of potential issues that are particular to the geographical distance between the members.?? Challenges may include: Financial strain related to travelNegotiating boundaries between local friends and the distance partnerHigh expectations around face-to-face meetings given how infrequent and short they areTrouble having a realistic view of the state of the relationshipHaving more extreme emotions related to the relationship Financial strain is an obvious factor that every person in a long-distance relationship has experienced. Whether its the high fuel costs of driving hundreds of miles, or the time and financial commitment of frequent airplane travel, couples on LDRs need to budget for travel costs just as they would other costs like a mortgage, food, and clothing. The boundary negotiation is a trickier element to manage. People in long-distance relationships can develop jealousy towards their partners local friends, often complaining that they spend too much time with them. There is also the risk of your partner developing an intimate relationship or falling in love with someone else while you are away. Establishing clear boundaries, being honest, and understanding that people need social interactions face-to-face will go a long in defusing these potential problems. Expectations vs. Reality When we spend time with our partner every day, or at least regularly, the interactions contain a lot of mundane, every day things like being sick, doing groceries, cleaning your teeth, or just sitting exhausted in front of the TV. However, in LDRs, the expectations that face-to-face meetings will be magical, full of amazing sex, and romantic often hit the wall of, well, how life actually works. These high expectations can often make partners disappointed and resentful that the time spent together was not like what they imagined. Its also very easy to dismiss or ignore growing relationship trouble because of distance. We assign it to stress, to the distance itself, to missing each other, rather than actual behavior of disengagement. Its more difficult to gauge whether our partner is really committed to the relationship because we do not see their behavior on a daily basis. Finally, research has shown that feelings of excitement, jealousy, love, and anger tend to be more extreme in people in LDRs.?? This means the potential for emotionally-fueled decisions, for unnecessary fights, and for piercing disappointment, as discussed above. Ensuring the Success of Long-Distance Relationships After these challenges, it seems almost impossible to be happy in LDRs. But this is far from being the case. Yes, LDRs have challenges and difficulties that do not arise in geographically close relationships, but it doesnt mean they cant work. Studies reveal that people in LDRs have equal or higher levels of satisfaction, strong communication, and intimacy.?? What does it depend on, then? Research looking at whether attitude impacted the likelihood of an LDS surviving shows that those with positive outlooks scored higher in how well they communicated with their partner, overall satisfaction, and other areas that might predict the likelihood that a relationship would survive.?? What does this mean? It means that maintaining positive feelings and interactions (Gottmans 5-to-1 ratio applies to LDRs too) and making partners feel secure, safe, and committed was just as important for LDRs as for same-city relationships. In other words, what you do in a geographically close relationship also applies to LDRs. In terms of communication, video or phone are better than emails and text. However, face-to-face contact was especially important and made a big difference for people in LDRs. In other words, LDRs worked the same way as same-city relationships as long as the two people met in person at least a few times a year. If you want to maintain a healthy LDR, save money for traveling and plan on meeting regularly. Otherwise, the same general rules for romantic relationships apply: communicate openly, make your expectations and needs clear, strive for intimacy and trust, and be trustworthy. It is important to keep your promises and maintain your commitments. If you plan on speaking on the phone once a day, for example, consider this an essential part of maintaining your relationship. It is not optional or only when you have time. Tips for a Healthy Long Distance Marriage A Word From Verywell Long-distance partners are still people. The distance tends to make them less personal to us, but by maintaining frequent and open lines of communication and by fostering trust and positive emotions, it is possible for an LDR to work, even long-term. In fact, as the research cited here suggests, LDRs work pretty much the same as geographically close relationships. Treat them the same way, and you should be able to make it work.

Johari Window And Language Communication Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Abstract ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ In modern society, people can not survive without using language. However, language is like a sword with two edges. On one hand, it is of good advantages; on the other hand, it may cause conflicts and may cause the people fail to achieve effective communications. Especially in the enterprise managing business, good managers often have to use good communicative skills and principles to make good management push their companies to develop successfully which is the ultimate goal of managing. As for the realization of the good management, it is closely depend on the managers language communicative competence. This essay examines the relationship between management and effective communication, and tries to draw a conclusion of the use of language communicative competence based on Johari Window in enterprise managing. Keywords: language, language communicative competence, effective communication, Johari Window, management. 1. Introduction Language is the way for human communication, and reflects the high level of modern human civilization. Besides, language communication refers to the process which people use the language to express the meaningful information among others. In daily life, people can not survive without any connection of the others, and the communication must be efficient and meaningful so that the good communicative skills are badly required. Unfortunately, this is not so easy at all for most of the people in modern society due to the highly connected relationships with others. The way for people to convey efficient communication is kind of research which involves plenty of language communicative knowledge including communicative principles, strategies, etc. As for this, some scholars have done so many researches on the peoples language communicative competence in all kinds of areas. Take the Johari Window as an example, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, the famous scholars, had done the study of lang uage communication, they proposed a window concept model focusing on how to achieve effective communication and this model is known as Johari Window later. It is also should be known that, in the modern business management, the excellent supervisors convey good human relations through the use of appropriate language communicative strategies and the principles with subordinates , and this have so much to do with the communicative modelJohari Window. Therefore, if we take the language communication, Johari Window model and enterprise managing altogether into the consideration; or briefly, we can put the language communication in use in enterprise managing; and thus making the managers language communicative competence become the key point of the their managing efficiency. This will be a new research of the linguistics as well as a new study of the enterprise managing. Based on the Johari Window model and language communicative knowledge, this paper focuses on the above aspect s, and shows the use of language communicative competence under the Johari Window to achieve effective communication and finally achieve the good management in enterprise managing business. The aim of this article is to explain the essential and distinct features of the language communication, and I will emphasize on those features of language that are related to social communication and enterprise managements. Focusing on What is language communication?, What is Johari Window and how can it be explained and used? and How the effective management is achieved by using language communication based on Johari Window in enterprise managing business? ,this paper is a dramatic trial for the new study of language communication. 2. Johari Window and language communication 2.1. Language and language communication 2.1.1. The mastery of language Firstly, when we talk about language communication, the top priority is the mastery of language, for language mastery serves as the essential powerful means of interacting with one another. People who want to achieve effective communication must acquire the language first and so it is with the managers in all the enterprises. No matter how powerful the managers are, they can not avoid communicating with their employers by using language. Thus requiring him or her must be a good language learner as well as a good language speaker. The mastery of language requires people have the basic knowledge of the language they use, which means they have to the rules of how to use language correctly. As for managers, they must be capable of speaking their official language. Suppose the managers are in China at present, so the mastery of standard Chinese Mandarin or Putonghua is a must for those managers who want to use their language competence to win their subordinates trust and support. 2.1.2. The language communicative object Of course, the mastery of language just the basic element and the first step of the language communication .When communicating with others, we have to take Who are we taking with? into consideration, which is the reason why the language communicative object should be the key factor. So in enterprise managing businesses, managers should pay due attention to their communicative objects: their supervisors, their colleagues, their subordinates, and of course their partners. What managers should be mindful is that addressing wisely when greeting or starting conversations with others. In the first place, managers would better to address others according to their positions and identities. Addresses like Master Li, Sir or Madam, Miss, Lao Zhang are used when communicating with them. Secondly, managers also should notice whether the people are educated or not when they are communicating. As for the educated people, paying enough attention to the dictions is considered to be wise, a nd managers may gain their reputation by speaking politely. However, if the managers have noticed that the people who they are going to talk with are not educated, choosing to use plain words is the best option for managers to gain others good first impression on themselves. 2.1.3. The purpose of language communication Generally speaking, the purpose of communication is to send your message effectively to the receivers or listeners. Communication links people who believe in a common cause, together with a view to strengthen relationships. To be more specific, the managers want to achieve the following goals in enterprise managing business. Give orders or assignments, maintain good relationships with colleagues as well as subordinates, enhance the bond of team spirits, improve the working efficiency, and finally achieve good management, which are all the products of the effective language communications between the managers and co-workers. 2.2. Johari Window As a matter of fact, in enterprise managing business, it is not easy at all to achieve effective communications between managers and their co-workers. All these have to rely on the effective communicative theory -the Johari Window Model. 2.2.1. Origin of Johari Window The Johari Window is a creative model of language communication and interaction. It comes from the first names of Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham who created it. Like the happy centipede, many people get along well working with others, without thinking about which foot to put forward. But when there are obstacles, when the usual methods do not work, and when we want to achieve effective communications, there is no other optional choice for us to make but to examine our own behaviors in relation to others. The top issue is that, among other things it is so hard to find ways of thinking about such matters, particularly for people who have no extensive background knowledge in the social sciences. When Harry Ingham and Joseph Luft first presented the Johari Window Model to illustrate relationships in terms of awareness(at Western Training Laboratories , in 1955), they were surprised to find so many people , academicians and nonprofessionals alike , using and tinkering with the model . It seems to lend itself as a heuristic device to speculating about relations. 2.2.2. Explanation of Johari Window The model employs a chart with regions that illustrate four levels of informational exchange between individuals. It is simple to visualize the four regions which represent the Johari Window Model. The underlying concept of the Johari Window is that the open area, or two-way communication enhances interpersonal effectiveness. And when information is mutually held and freely exchanged, organizational productivity will increase. (The brief chart of the Johari Window Model) And the four regions are described as follows. The Region I : the Arena. This region represents information that is known by oneself and known by others or we can say the information is mutually held and exchanged without any obstacles. The Arena is the most productive area in which people can operate within an organization. The larger this region is, the more effective, productive, and mutually beneficial interpersonal relationships can become. The managers who care about team work productivity and effici ency will take steps to enlarge this region to the fullest extent. The Region II : the Blindspot. This region of the chart represents information that is known by others rather than oneself. Blind spot occurs when we fail to pay close attention, or are purposely kept out of the information resource loop. Whatever the cause is, our blind spot area can prevent us from taking needed actions timely or from understanding the purposes of others. Our informational blind spot can reduce our effectiveness at work, even delaying or ruining our career progress. Managers or leaders should be mindful of information dissemination among everyone in the work place, recognizing that those people who are out of the information resource loop can not be maximally efficient or productive. The Region III: The Faà §ade. This region represents information that is known by oneself but not known by others. This information that could be useful to others in the organization but we may purposely withhol d it sometimes, either because we wish to wield power over others by carving out an advantage for ourselves, because we fear that others might use the information to increase their advantages or to increase our disadvantages, or because we simply misperceive the importance to the team of our sharing information with others. Managers must be mindful of hoarded or unshared information in the enterprise organizations. Maximizing organizational progress requires free flow information among all the players in the same group-the enterprises. The Region IV: the Unknown. This region represents information that is not known by oneself and others. This represents the collective Blindspot for everyone in the organization. Potentially useful information that is not known by anyone in the organization is the stuff of which unpredicted breakthroughs could be made if one certain key information were known and acted upon. If the leader wants to keep the enterprise successful and moving ahead of the other competitors, the competition of new information and knowledge by all individuals within the organization and dissemination of that information and knowledge should be transferred into the first region the Arena. Open communication is the key to effective leadership and good management. In terms of the Johari Window Model presented here, this means the managers have to enlarge the Arena to the fullest extent, simultaneously closing down the other three regions of the Johari Window which are less productive. 2.3. Language communication based on Johari Window 2.3.1. The enlargement of the Arena in Johari Window Communication plays a vital role in the success of every organization, successful managers in giant enterprises always build their team that attract people who want to have a dreamful career prospects. And communication just like the glue that holds the team members in the enterprises together. Besides, highly effective communication is a powerful factor in determining a managers good management and in shaping the quality of subordinate practices. One way to achieve this is to develop the Developer style, gaining others trust and getting mutual information shared. Managers excellent interpersonal communicative skills are required if we want to achieve effective communication of which the Arena is the highlight. A develop manager has a larger Arena, which making him the communicative expert who has the highest level of self awareness and mutual understanding .The realization of the enlargement of the Arena requires managers to change their communication styles. In the open area f or both sides or in the Arena, managers can not be more efficient in communicating and managing only when they have the fullest extent of the Arena. 2.3.2. The elimination of the barriers According to the Johari Window model, the efficient way for managers to achieve highly effective communication should be the enlargement of the Arena. As for this, managers have to figure out ways to shrink the other three regions: the Blindspot, the Faà §ade, and the Unknown. And the shrinking of the other three less productive and effective regions takes two important steps. On one hand, the managers have to expose what they have already known to their subordinates. This is so called self-exposure which means the managers give their information to others purposely and this information can not be gained from any other ways. In this way, the open area or the Arena of the managers is enlarged, at the same time the listeners are being encouraged to know more information. On the other hand, the managers have to get feedback from others. The aim of getting feed back is to form self awareness which shows the connection with others. By doing this, managers can form a better unders tanding of themselves and also they can know more about what their subordinates or co-workers need. In a nutshell, the Johari Window is a very simple communication model. However, this very simple model is like a Magic Cube, although it is simply built, yet it functions unpredictably. Managers know how to play this Magic Cube will achieve highly effective management without any trouble. 3. Language communicative competence based on Johari Window in enterprise managing Having discussed the operational mechanism about the Johari Window, managers also have to pay much attention the cultivation of language communicative competence based on the Johari Window if they want a successful management. Being the key factor of the efficient management model, the cultivation of the managers language communicative competence based on the Johari Window in enterprise managing business make it possible for managers to conduct their good management. 3.1. Purpose of language communication in management From some certain angle, we can see that there are communication goals, an intangible chain for management, in the enterprise management. Talking about the intangible chain-the purpose of language communication in management, what the managers really care about are the incoming results and conditions. Generally speaking, it refers to the mission of the enterprises which the managers want to accomplish in the last place. As for enterprises managers, they are urged to achieve the effective communication with subordinates, and the final goal is to accomplish the management progress successfully. Giving orders or assignments, maintaining good relationships with colleagues as well as subordinates, enhancing the bond of team spirits, improving the working efficiency are all considered to be the basic purposes, and the final purpose is the realization of good management. Therefore, as the middle part of the enterprise managing, language communication purpose in management leads manager s the way to accomplishing missions. At the same time, the purpose of language communication also means the function of motivating the subordinates or co-workers to make the entire enterprise working efficiently. 3.2. Principles of language communicative competence In daily enterprise managing activities, language communication is dispensable for managers. A successful and effective communication requires managers not only to know what they are going to say, but also requires managers know how to say their words in an appropriate way, for there is a word goes like this The bare facts of conversation come alive only in a mutually accepted , pragmatically determined context.(Jacob.2001). Managers who want to convey a successful and efficient communication have to start their communications with their subordinates according to certain language communicative principles. 3.2.1. The cooperative principle The Cooperate Principle raised by the American scholar H. Paul Grice is an important pragmatic principle, which consists of four maxims: the maxim of quantity; the maxim of quality; the maxim of relation; and the maxim of manner. As for the maxim of quantity, it requires that speakers should make contribution as informative as is required and also should avoid making their contribution more informative than is required. As for the maxim of quality, it means that speaker should not say what they believe to be false or to say that they lack adequate evidence. As for the maxim of relation, it means that speakers should say things that are relevant to their topics. As for the maxim of manner, it requires that speakers should be perspicuous by avoiding obscurity, ambiguity, unnecessary prolixity, and should be orderly. Based on the communication in enterprise managing, the Cooperate Principle is an important principle that governs a successful communication. 3.2.2. The politeness principle A successful communication needs the cooperation of two sides both the speakers and the listeners, while only with cooperative principle that is not enough. Leech, a scholar, raised another principle the politeness principle to explain why people sometimes should talk indirectly and to show their real purposes. In enterprise managing business, it is of great importance for the managers to use politeness principle to achieve effective communication. The politeness principle raised by Leech is generally considered to be made up of six maxims: tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, sympathy maxim. As for the tact maxim, it means that speakers have to reduce causing loss for others. e.g. A, manager, wants to borrow the car from B, the subordinate. A: Will you come out this afternoon? B: No, I dont. A: I have a meeting with my friend and I may need your car, so I want to borrow your car for a moment, may I? B: No problem. Fr om the conversation we can see the good use of the tact maxim in communication. It tells that the manager A wants to borrow Bs car, and he uses I may need ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ and may I. Thus, the manager successfully accomplished his purpose easily and the subordinate B has a good feeling abut the manager A, and lends his or her car to the A with pleasure. Second, as for the generosity maxim, it means that speakers have to reduce gaining many profits from others. e.g. Manager A goes to subordinate Bs office , and wants to take the files he forgot taking 10 minutes ago. A: Excuse me; I was here to take the USB driver and some files. I am so sorry that I forgot the file with me. Could I get them back? B: Oh, it dose not matter. Here there are! In this short conversation, both the manager A and subordinate B have used the generosity maxim. They star the communication from the point of others views, and they are willing to take the duty themselves. As a resul t, the communication goes quite well and the purpose of this communication is accomplished successfully. As for the approbation maxim, it means that the speakers would better to increase more chances to praise others. In daily communication, everyone wants to be praised by others. So it is a good way to gain others trust by using appropriate compliments. e.g. The manager A is noticing the B, one of his subordinates, typing very quickly with his article. And the conversation goes like this: A: A nice piece of writing on the test paper. Keep up the good work. B: Thank you sir! Just one single piece of compliment, but its function is dramatic. The subordinate B is definitely encouraged by his supervisor. As for the modesty maxim, it requires speakers to increase the self-disparaging. e.g. The manager A has a good handicraft and the subordinate B is also a good at handicraft. The subordinate B has finished his writing report and hand it to the manager A. A: I thi nk the report is quite good from your beautiful handwriting, and how I wish to have such beautiful handwriting. B: Thank you sir. In the conversation the Manager A disparages himself this way makes the subordinate feel confident and shortens the distance between them. As for the agreement maxim, it requires speakers enlarge the agreements with others. e.g. The manager A has a discussion with some of his subordinate over next seasons proposal. But they do not have the exact same thoughts at last. The experienced manager A finally draws a conclusion of the agreements with his subordinates and put the disagreement behind for further discussion. As for the sympathy maxim, it means to reduce the repugnance of others. Take the smoking habit as an example. Some managers hate smoking very much, yet they allow their subordinates to take a smoke in private place casually. After all , it is of good effect to working sometimes and it may be unaccepted to forbid people smoking. All in total, Leechs politeness principle ties the two communicating parties together with politeness, and its core is to minimize the expression of the impolite benefits. In enterprise managing, managers can be a popular among their subordinates or co-workers on the basis of using politeness principle felicitously. 3.2.3. The reality principle The reality principle is a psychoanalytic concept, and originally it is proposed by Sigmund Freud, which compels people to defer gratification when necessary due to the obstacles of reality. According to this, the reality principle is governed by the ego that controls the instant- gratification mentality of the id. When speakers start their communications with others, they have to be mature and realistic enough to avoid instant gratification in favor of the long-term satisfaction. e.g. The manager A wants to seek a long-term benefit so he gives up the chance to get promoted, while he recommends one of his best subordinates to be his assistant. People may hold the view that the manager A must be an idiot judging from the appearance. However, he will gain more benefits from this by get his subordinate promoted in the near future. This is a specific example for the use of the reality principle. In enterprise management, managers who have a good use of the reality principle can fore see the development of the enterprise prospect and certainly will be good communicators as well as successful managers. 3.3. Strategies of language communicative competence Knowing the principles of language communication is not enough for achieving the effective communication; managers also have to apply some pragmatic strategies in communicating. Based on the effective communication model Johari Window and the language communication causes among people, specific language communicative strategies are required: the avoidance strategy, the cooperative strategy, the delaying strategy as well as the compensatory strategy. 3.3.1. The avoidance strategy The avoidance strategy can also be called the topic shifting strategy which means that speakers can avoid taking the topic they do not mentioned; instead they bring about another new topic and continue their communication. As for managers in enterprise managing, it is a good way for them to shift topics to the ones they want to be discussed. e.g. The subordinate A wants to have a talk with his manager B on the issue of raising his salary. But the manager B does not want to talk about it and he figure out a way to handle this. A: Mr. Paul, Id like to suggest that you can offer me more by 10% per month. B: I would like to, but you should take everything into consideration .For example, the poor sales ratio and the huge expenses. Our company is really in poor conditions. In this conversation, the manager B uses the avoiding strategy and successfully shifts the topic into another so that the subordinate A may not have the chance to come to the original topic on the raising of his salary. 3.3.2. The cooperative strategy The cooperative strategy means the strategy of an autonomous group of person who voluntarily cooperate for their mutual, social, economic, and cultural benefit. In enterprise management, managers are supposed to get their subordinates altogether and start his communications with them in a cooperative way. e.g. The manager A wants to figure out a way for the Performance related pay or briefly the PRP, in order to cheer all the subordinates. He conveys his communication like this, My fellow colleagues, in order to mostly benefit every one in our company. Our company decides to adopt the performance related pay, and Id like to hear the views from all of you. Lets figure out the best option altogether. When managers are communicating like this, the subordinates will feel they are respected and may ask less for their own benefits, and the mangers may enhance their leaderships at the same time. 3.3.3. The delaying strategy The delaying strategy refers to the strategic delays by using the mouth filling words and repeating when people are talking with other. Using the delaying strategy can buy some time for the speakers to figure out better ways to express their ideas. In the discourse conversion, sometimes the communications may have to be cut owing to the lacking of communication backgrounds or excuses. In order to avoid the failing of the communications, speakers can use some mouth filling words to make up for this gap. For example, Well, You know, To be honest are quite acceptable. Sill, we can make up our conversations by repeating. When the speakers are not truly understand about what others purposes, they can say, Sorry, I can not follow you, would you like to repeat it? Briefly, the strategic delays play a good role in avoiding the embarrassment which the managers may usually use in management communications. 3.3.4. The compensatory strategy The compensatory strategy refers to the strategy that speakers use to make communications move on by compensating for the difficulties they meet in communicating. Successful managers who are confronted with communicating obstacles, they prefer to methods to compensate the conversations to make their purposes easily understood by their subordinates. Generally, experienced managers are used to managing the attention and concentration of others. When they have some proposals published in a meeting, the first thing for them to do is to draw the listeners full attention rather than get to the main course directly. By telling a story or sharing some news which is closely related to their coworkers, it reduces the chance of distraction factors at a meeting: playing with mobile phones, chatting with others, turning a blind eye to the business, etc. Also, successful managers always have organized plans when they assign assignments to their subordinates. They have detailed thoughts of the lists in their mind, and they put them in a logic order according to the priorities. In the end, they can easily assign the tasks to their subordinates, and on the other hand the working efficiency is greatly ensured for the subordinates act well with the organized plans given by the managers. However, all the strategies mentioned above are quite useful for the managers on the basis of proper use. 3.4. The application of language communicative competence 3.3.1. The accuracy of using language The accuracy of using language for managers has much to do with the communication results. Managers wan to know achieve this have to focus on the following aspects. Firstly, making language vivid, imagery and moving so that managers can express their thoughts clearly, accurately, persuasively and forcefully. Besides, managers have to make their words clear to be understood and pay attention to their dictions when using rhetorical devices. Last but not least, the use of formal language is better than the use of rare dictions. 3.3.2. The control of others emotion In the enterprises, the emotion of the co-workers is the vital factor of the effective communication. A good manager must have the ability to control the emotions of his subordinates. That way, the information can be expressed to each other successfully and the efficiency of the team is greatly improved. Good managers always have to have a sensitive feeling of their subordinates emotion and make sure it is active. 3.3.3. Timing When communicating with others, the time is also an important factor for the people to take into consideration since it takes time to filter the information for use. Owing to the limited time and other factors, managers may ignore the some key information. Therefore, effective communications should be closely connected with the certain grasp of timing. As for the managers, they can take this easily by arranging a specific time during working or make a schedule for the communications with subordinates off duty time. Whenever it is, one thing should be sure is that the time is suitable for the two parties, the managers and the subordinates, so that communications between them will not be ruined by other things. 4. Conclusion Language is the set of vocal symbols used for human communication, and it is media for people to pass on and conserve the human civilizations. Certainly, the research on how to use language to transfer information and communicate with others is also an important issue. In enterprise managing business, managers convey the effective language communications with their subordinates and co-workers in order to push the enterprises develop rapidly. Therefore, managers language communicative competence has become the significant weights on the managements so that managers must take effective language communications seriously if they want to be successful managers. This paper is a new trial research of language, for it is a combination Johari Window, effective language communication and management. Hopefully, this paper may bring some new thoughts on language communication and enterprise management, further more to enlarge the study of language and communication. References Fairclough, N. Language and Power. London New York: Longman. 1989. Karimnia, Amin; Izadparast, Marziyeh. On communicative and linguistic competence. International Journal of Communication (New Delhi: Bahri). Retrieved June 27, 2012. Lynn Little. Leadership Communication and the Johari Window. PhD 2005 Terry R. Armslrong. REVISITING THE JOHARI WINDOW: Improving Communications through Self-disclosure and Feedback. PhD. Pearson, J. Interpersonal Communication. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foreman and Company. 1983.ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ºÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¤Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ºÃƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ »ÃƒÆ' §Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹[J]. ÃÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . 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Alcohol Essay - 1160 Words

Student Name: Student Number: Lecturer’s Name: Unit Code: Unit Name: Assessment Title: Due Date: Date of Submission: Date Stamp Received: Extension Details (if applicable): Word Length (excluding list of references): INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT I certify that this assignment is my own work and is free from plagiarism. I understand that the assignment may be checked for plagiarism by electronic or other means and may be transferred and stored in a database for the purposes of data-matching to help detect plagiarism. The assignment has not previously been submitted for assessment in any other unit or to any other institution. I have read and understood Avondale’s Academic Integrity Policy.†¦show more content†¦Because teenagers have not built up much physical tolerance, they are more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol. As people grow, different parts of the brain develop at different rates, depending on whether they are male or female. The pre-frontal cortex houses the part of the brain that controls rational thinking. This does not mature until the age of 19 and will fully mature around the age of 21 in women and 28 in men. Damage to this part of the brain during the time it is being developed causes long t erm effects including memory, personality and behaviour (Young People and Alcohol, 2007-2011). The short term effects of alcohol include poor concentration, slow reflexes, slow reaction time, reduced co-ordination, slower brain activity and perceptions and sensations become less clear (Administrative Office of the Courts, 2014). These effects are dangerous for any teen, because while being intoxicated, they are more likely in to indulge in risky behaviours such as swimming, driving, unsafe or unwanted sex and verbal or physical abuse (Drughouse Clearinghouse 2002). Alcohol harms your co-ordination, reflexes and your judgment, it is linked with an estimated 5,000 deaths in people under the age of 21 each year; more than all illegal drugs combined (The Cool Spot, 2014). According to the NIAAA Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for people between the ages of 15-20. Fatal crashes involving alcohol are twice as common in youngShow MoreRelated Alcohol Abuse Essay1036 Wor ds   |  5 PagesAlcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of alcohol by itself is not a social problem, the continuous and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There are four symptoms associated with alcohol dependence which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence along with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns thatRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Alcohol1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Alcohol Works Cited Not Included Alcohol is a substance that has numerous diverse affects on the body-both positive and negative. Alcohol not only kills brain cells, but when taken in profusion it has almost no constructive affects. Sure it can make one overlook his/her problems, but the consequences of drinking in excess far outweigh the benefits. It is not a crime to get drunk, however alcohol will almost always cause one to conduct them self in a way he or she would notRead MoreAddictions to Work and Alcohol Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagesphysics and English at Brown University, graduating in 1967. â€Å"The Company Man† essay indicates how an excess of work can take over an individual’s life by having emotional impact on the people around them on a daily basis. â€Å"Under Influence† essay shows the readers a family experience with one of the immoral habits, which is the alcoholism. The readers can realize the common purpose of each author writing on both essays is to warn the general pub lic about the negative effects of some of the evil habitsRead More alcohol and advertising Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism andRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol Advertising Millions of Americans suffers from the effects of alcohol and drug abuse. It can shatter lives, brake families, and to rob people of their dreams for the future. Once alcoholism or drug addiction begins, an individuals problems not only dont go away, but their mental well being as well as physical ability continues to diminish from the immediate and long-term adverse effects from the drugs and alcohol abuse. Is it really true that advertising increases alcohol consumptionRead MoreAlcohol Abuse and Alcohol Anonimus Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol Abuse is part of disorder that affects many people throughout the world. Many are aware of the issues the disorder can bring not just on the victim, but also to the people that surround the person with the psychological problem. There are different areas that can be discussed in regards to alcoholism. According to Coon Mitterer (2013), a substance abuse disorder is when there is an abuse or dependence on a psychoactive drug. Alcohol is a substance that can become abusive and bring negativeRead MoreAlcohol as a Gateway Essays779 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and heavy drinking throughout Canada plays a distinctive role in instigating other key addictions. Drinking and consumption abuse can be linked strongly to the abuse of illicit drugs. Binge drinking should be seen as a gateway or portal to the development of poly-drug users. As the g ateway drug theory suggests, routine use of less harmful drugs, in this case alcohol, will lead to risk of abusing more serious drugs. Alcohol is so readily available and like any other psychoactive drug it canRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Fetish2168 Words   |  9 Pagesmodern world. Alcohol creates freedom and vulnerability for individuals oppressed by the dynamics and speed of everyday life especially in very developed ‘high class’ nations. Alcohol particularly creates this freedom for individuals in disenfranchised populations, where expectations from a foreign â€Å"sophisticated† ideology overwhelm the people of the once free nations. And because alcohol creates a free and youthful state of mind, it becomes fetishized. In order for one to defetishize alcohol, and drinkingRead MoreEssay On Age And Alcohol1883 Words   |  8 Pages A Comparison of Age and Drug/Alcohol Use Jeremy Thompson Murray County Central Abstract The objectives of this discussion will be finding comparisons in drug/alcohol use or intoxications and popultion. This discussion will also look at the income relations to drug/alcohol use. Data was collected from a wide variety of people including: males, females, teens, adults, college students, rural areas, populated areas, and different countries. Some of the data was collected by unbiased and anonymousRead MoreEssay on The Dangerous Effects of Alcohol1597 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is a very serious and dangerous drug, although it is not treated this way anymore. College students have taken drinking to a new level in which, for many, is very scary. Alcohol is much more dangerous than many would think. Kids see a night of drinking as a great way to have fun and party but do not see the consequences. Getting drunk and even blacking out can lead to many problems. When alcohol is consumed in unhealthy amounts, it can lead to not only short-term effects, but long-term

Honesty, Integrity And Craving For Justice - 716 Words

â€Å"No legacy is so rich as honesty† spoke by the greatest leader in the world of literature, William Shakespeare. Honesty, integrity and craving for justice are the imperative aspects of an effective leader. Integrity is all grit. What can a true leader withstand? Being a leader requires daunting tasks, adversary, and faith of a better future. A true leader will adapt and overcome utilizing creativity and problem solving skills. Their grit will be tested and tested again. A leader with integrity demonstrates strength through some of the most difficult obstacles. They do not succumb to fear; they grow and empower the people around them. A crave for justice is important in a leader because they should always stay hungry for fairness in society. They should want justice to be served to every possible being. A bona fide leader should encourage a value of justice in every human because justice instills incentive to be great. An iconic aspect of Lincoln is his honesty, hence the nickname â€Å"Honest Abe.† He proves that the single most important characteristic of an effective leader is honesty. When Lincoln worked as a store clerk he once realized he had overcharged a woman for tea and packaged the amount owned and personally delivered it to her house. Lincoln was a gawky, unique man that proves that not all leaders are picturesque. Effective and influential leadership is shown in history, literature and everyday life. In the literature piece titled â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by WilliamShow MoreRelatedHigh Energy Level And High Levels1559 Words   |  7 Pagesstructure, and create pride in belonging to the unit† (McClelland, 1975, p. 302). Personal Integrity. Values related to integrity include honesty, loyalty, fairness, justice and altruism. A leader s behavior must be consistent with values repeatedly articulated to followers. A leader who hopes to inspire others to support an ideology or vision must set an example through his or her own behavior. Integrity also means taking responsibility for one s actions and decisions (Yukl, 2013, p. 143). NarcissismRead MoreStrategic Leadership3187 Words   |  13 Pagesprofessional level (Flynn Schaumberg, 2012). A leader has to develop diverse response in order to cope with crisis management (Rhee and Valdez, 2009). Workers can trust faithful and sincere leader especially when they have a job to do. Furthermore, honesty and loyalty are the main constituents to a hale and hearty culture in the workplace. Fairness and empathy are also important personality traits of a good leader. Situation where office politics or personal emergencies are involved, the workers shouldRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1859 Words   |  8 Pagesmeets Algernon, who becomes suspicious of his behaviors and figures it out. There is an ironic play on words with the name Ernest because it seems that Jack is not taking on an â€Å"earnest† behavior. Being earnest means having sincerity and showing honesty, which clearly Jack is not. Also, Algernon, who is later discovered to be Jack’s brother, is also pretending to be someone he is not. Jack is in love with Gwendolen, which seems to cause some problems with many characters during the play. The ImportanceRead MoreThe Elements Behind Policing And Police Culture3506 Words   |  15 PagesThe Elements Behind Policing and Police Culture by Tyneiseca Epps Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Master of Science in Criminal Justice Seminar in Law Enforcement Mississippi Valley State University November 18, 2014 The Elements Behind Policing and Police Culture Introduction A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and to limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The termRead MoreSchool Leadership Roles And Responsibilities10143 Words   |  41 Pages(Lickona, p.4, 2004). As educators define what virtues most strongly define character, Lickona argues that the ancient Greeks defined ten. Lickona lists the ten virtues as defined by the ancient Greeks to be wisdom, justice, fortitude, self-control, love, positive attitude, hard work, integrity, gratitude, and humility. The character of a man or woman is defined by a combinations of the strengths and weaknesses of these virtues (Lickona, 2004). Dr. Edwin Hartman (2006) provides an Aristotelian answer toRead MoreQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words   |  100 Pagesexpression source credibility is used commonly to entail the communicator’s positive attributes that affect the recipient’s acceptance of a message. (Ohanian, 1990). Furthermore, the source needs to be trustworthy, in the nous of believability, honesty and ethics.(Belch Belch, 2001). Information from a credible source such as a celebrity has the power to influence the opinions, belief, attitude and behaviour through a process called internalisation based on the assumption that the information

Biography Topics

Are you looking for an interesting person to write about? Youll find that the more you are intrigued or inspired by your subject, the more time youll give to this assignment. This list may inspire you. Try to find a biography subject you enjoy reading about! Albert Einstein (scientist)Alexander Fleming (scientist)Alexander Graham Bell (inventor)Alexander the Great (leader)Amelia Earhart (aviation)Anne Frank (Holocaust)Benjamin Franklin (Founding Father)Betty Ford (inspirational)Carl Sagan (scientist)Charles Lindbergh (aviation)Clarence Birdseye (inventor)Eli Whitney (inventor)Elie Wiesel (Holocaust)Frank Lloyd Wright (architect)George Eastman (inventor)George Washington Carver (agricultural chemist)Henry Ford (industrialist)Isaac Newton (scientist)Jacques Cousteau (explorer)Jane Goodall (anthropologist)Johann Gutenberg (inventor)John Deere (inventor)John F. Kennedy (political leader)John James Audubon (nature)Jonas Salk (scientist, inventor)Karl Benz (inventor)Leonardo da Vinci (scientist and artist)Lewis Braille (inventor)Margaret Mead (anthropologist)Marie Curie (physicist and chemist)Martin Luther King, Jr. (civil rights)Medgar Evers (civil rights)Mohandas Gandhi (political leader)Mother Teresa (Nobel Prize winner)Nelson Mandela (poli tical leader)Patrick Henry (Founding Father)Rachel Carson (conservationist)Robert Goddard (physicist and inventor)Rosa Parks (civil rights)Samuel Morse (inventor)Sandra Day OConnor (political leader)Stephen Hawking (scientist)Susan B. Anthony (famous women)Thomas Edison (inventor)W.E.B. Dubois (civil rights)Wright Brothers (inventors)Winston Churchill (political leader)

Project Risk Management - 1805 Words

Project Final 1. Why should all projects include risk in their project planning? What are some of the drawbacks if risks are not considered? Technology projects worldwide are costing companies billions of dollars more than they budgeted for, and almost half don’t live up to the clients’ expectations (Kendrick, 2009). Newspapers and business trumpet few project successes, but a massive number of failures. As projects grow larger and more complex with every passing year, their outcome, both successes and failures, become fodder for the media and the competition. Unfortunately, project failures tend to predominate as they not only make sensational stories, but also are far more common. The mismanagement of projects to develop the†¦show more content†¦If this is the case, who is going to do it? In general, what will be the resources we employ for the whole process? | WHY: | What is the point of this analysis? What will be the benefits? | WHAT: | What will be the format? | HOW: | How will we carry it out in terms of the process? | WHEN: | When will we carry it out? | In other words, we will need to define exactly what the Risk Management Process is, including the resource and then to plan how it will be managed. WHO: Make sure we get the backing of senior managers by finding out exactly what is required and getting suitable input from them. In addition, make sure other managers and key staff is involved in the input. This will include technical expertise and the makeup of the risk analysis team. Identify the communication channels and links between the risk analysis team and the other personnel. The nature of the risk analysis team and its remit needs clarification. Do they report to the project manager or do they report to a higher level e.g. the board. If the team reports to the board then they must be able to do this in an objective manner. Remember that the efficiency of the project management team in general can be the highest risk to the project. If the quality of staff is poor then this will need to be addressed early and not avoided. Make sure that control isShow MoreRelatedProject Risk And Risk Management1412 Words   |  6 Pages1- Abstract: Project Risk is an undefined event that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative impact in the project’s results. There are two types of risks can affect the project, they are threats and opportunities. The first affects negatively and the second affects positively. These risks can be individual risks or overall project risk. The project risk management includes six process: 1- Risk Management Planning: Deciding how to plan and execute the activities. 2- Risk Identification: DeterminingRead MoreProject Risk Management : Project Management3143 Words   |  13 Pages Project Risk Management Assessment Essay Student ID: 27465209 Word Count: 2997 MANG6143 Project Risk Management Prof Chris Chapman University of Southampton March 2015 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. PART1: PUMP approach 4 3. PART2: Third phase in PUMP approach 9 4. PART3: Evaluation phase in PUMP approach 13 5. References 16 Introduction The completion of any project depends on the execution of various parameters mostly set at the beginning of the project. In order to complete theRead MoreRisk Management Of A Project1504 Words   |  7 PagesRisk management to mitigate identified risks According to Pelletier Albright, 2010 (pp. 523-560), risk management in a project should create value by ensuring that the cost of mitigating the risk is less than the perceived risk. Also the mitigation process should already be a fundamental part of the organization. There is already a commitment to patient safety education as indicated in the Nurse Anesthesia trainee curriculum, however, the specific focus on near miss education and error managementRead MoreProject Risk Management4330 Words   |  18 PagesPAPER ON :PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT BY: DIPTENDU BASU PNR NO: 001 EXECUTIVE MBA (2012-14) ABSTRUCT Risk is everywhere. From driving a car to parachuting, risk is inherent in the activities we choose. Within a project, risks are unplanned events or conditions that can have a positive or negative effect on its success. Not all risks are bad, but almost all are seen as a threat. Even the most carefully planned project can run into trouble. No matter how well you plan, your project can alwaysRead MoreProject Risk Management2257 Words   |  10 PagesRisk ( the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative) the probability of unfortunate events . Risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, project failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attacks from an adversary. Project finance is different from traditional forms of finance because the financier principally looks to the assets and revenue of the project in order to secure and service the loan. In contrastRead MoreProject Management : Risk Management2441 Words   |  10 Pages1 Executive Summary Risk is defined as an event that has a probability of occurring, and could have either a positive or negative impact to a project should that risk occur. Project managers should keep a watchful eye on all of the project s risks as they have a direct impact on a project’s cost, schedule, and performance. All projects assume some element of risk, and it’s through risk management where tools and techniques are applied to monitor and track those events that have the potential toRead MoreImportance Of Project Risk Management Project Management2916 Words   |  12 PagesWan The Importance of Project Risk Management Project management has become a really important aspect that companies have started to take advantage to have success in their projects. Within project management, there are ten areas that are specific to different parts of a project, such as communications, time, scope, and cost. This paper will focus specifically on one, known as project risk management. The reason why this area was chosen is because this area focuses on the risks that can occur outsideRead MoreProject Risk Management - Holyrood Project5687 Words   |  23 PagesProject Risk Management | M3N313401-12-B | Group report    Jenna McCall : S1O21235 Adelle Kelly : S1023858 Angela Mitchell : S1034517 Luciano Farias : S1306729 Iaponaira de Abreu : S1306726 | Read MoreEffective Management Of Project Risk Management1435 Words   |  6 PagesGood Risk Management – Good governance This article describes the effective management of project risks in an educational institution. In this article I’ll be talking about the information that are useful to the board members as well as the team with their risk management efforts. â€Å"In the future we will look at risks affecting the whole of an organization and its place in the community. We will address both upside and downside consequences, and our view will be enterprise-wide, integrated and holisticRead MoreProject Risk Management Plan1382 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Project Risk Management Plan PM/584 July 14, 2014 Project Risk Management Plan The purpose of the risk management plan is to identify any event or condition that may occur which could have a positive or negative affect on the project. Risks management is the process of identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, and reporting risks. The Risks Management Plan will define how risks associated with the Baderman Island Casino Hotel project will be identified, analyzed

Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants Free Essays

Many people migrate to the USA for several reasons, to get better life. As we all know the USA is highly developed economically and technologically, and it can become a different world to most immigrants. Thus, immigrants face various challenges during the first and second year of their entrance in to the USA. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among the challenges, language, getting a job and culture are common for most of immigrants. The first challenge for immigrants is the language barrier. Since English is the second or third language for most immigrants, they face a lot of problems to communicate. Although, immigrants have some knowledge of English, the pronunciation of most words is different. So they can’t understand and communicate very easily. Furthermore, the accent of native speakers, Mexicans, Black Americans, and Chinese is different. This complicates the communication and creates stress for immigrants. For example, I came to the USA recently. I have some knowledge of English, but when I took my kids to the hospitals, go to shopping, and even when I was applying to this college, I found people who use different pronunciation and accent. Sometimes, I heard 50% to 90% of what people said and likewise they were not able to understand me, even though I was talking in English. As a result, â€Å"I’m sorry†, â€Å"say again†, â€Å"pardon† were my day to day words I used and heard for a couple of months. Therefore, language is the first big challenge that all immigrants face. The second challenging obstacle for immigrants is getting a job. Since language is a problem for immigrants, most of them failed in job interviews. Even though they are educated and professionals in their home country, it costs and takes time for their education to be accepted here. Thus, getting a job is tough. Especially now, following the economic crisis of the world, there are many layoffs and getting a job is like a miracle to most immigrants. In addition, the jobs available for immigrants are manual labor jobs that are tiresome. These jobs may also have fewer hours and surely have minimum pay. Therefore, immigrants will be forced to find another tiresome job to cover their living expenses. But getting another job is another worry for immigrants. Here I am going to give my husband’s experiences. As soon as we reached America and got our social security numbers, my husband tried to search and apply for jobs. After several months and trial, he got a part time job with minimum wage. His salary is not enough to cover our expenses, and now he is searching another job, but none has been found. Thus, following the language barrier, getting a job is a big challenging to immigrants. Culture is the third challenge that immigrants face here. Immigrants have their own cultures and living styles in their home country. The culture of dressing, talking, eating, social life etc†¦ is different here from immigrants’ home country. For example, here man and woman can kiss on the lips anywhere, but this is taboo in my country, Ethiopia. Another example is the way girls’ dress, here girls can wear whatever they like such as shorts and mini dresses. However, in my country, this is not accepted and girls should wear clothes that don’t expose their body. Thus, they should wear shorts and dresses which are below to their knees. The other thing here people eat their food anywhere; they can even eat walking on the street. However, in my country people, especially girls, cannot walk on the street while eating or drinking. There are several customs here that are counted as taboo in my culture. Therefore, the cultural differences make immigrants to be confused and shocked until they accustomed to it. As time passes, immigrants will manage and defeat the obstacles through several exposures and practice. Then, after passing through the obstacles, immigrants will enjoy a better life and even be in higher positions like senators, vice-presidents and also president of America. How to cite Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants, Essay examples

In Lord of the Files the story is in piling you are up lifted with compassion and concern for the children Essay Example For Students

In Lord of the Files the story is in piling you are up lifted with compassion and concern for the children Essay In Lord of the Files the story is in piling you are up lifted with compassion and concern for the children. The boys realize they are no longer in a place they would call home but in area that would seemly be described has the wilderness. The reason is because they were engulfed in sand that surrounded them, which lead to the mouth of the forest. These very boys realize they have some growing up to do, in the way they are going to encounter many obstacles ahead that other wise would seem in possible to deal with if they cant work together. This introduction is describing Civilization vs. Survival. The theme will set the tone were the motifs will support the main motive completing the story. On a deserted island a social formation has taken form. This social form is the Conch Shell it represents the communication with in the tribe this shell was the motif that set the stage in the play and from their the on fronted for control and greed. The shell is also a discipline tool for anyone who holds it. If anything happens to the shell this civilization, which they have instituted, will crumble and will continue to go down until there is nothing else left. PP. 10-18 Ralph is seen has the leader but lacks the ability of Piggy intelligent. Ralph doesnt like the fact he is begin disenfranchise by his own group and has a result this child endure the pain he lives in a world driven by fear and but has scent to bounce back from a hard time because his own group start to take order from another character in the story. PP. 2-46, 58-70 When Ralph is begin disowned by his own organization choose to compare him to Martin Luther a priest who believed that writing the bible in away that shows that everyone can understand what is begin written would help people get closer to God but many people had other ideas concerning the writing of the text which had different meaning towards other who challenge his idea writing. Roger is compared to the devil. The reason is because he thinks out a plan to c atch his victim then he waits to devoir them whole. This individual showed a physical and mental change during the time in which he plans to kill Simon . The way he kills him shows what type of character he has and what is his motive for doing it. He was a murder who wanted to make his present now throughout the tribe and the dishonestly that took an apart a socialize community. PP. 62- 72,149-155 Simon is compared to Jesus because he shows that helping others brings about change in side of you. When Simon finally dies his death is not remember like Jesus who rose again three days later instead Simon death brought pain so you see the dilemma between the two. Simon was the good guy he was a peacemaker who wanted good and understood the price it took to get it. PP. 7-12, 58-62, 150-155 The analysis information shared in the story and how I use the theme and the motif describes the feelings I have toward the story and the writer. My theme described the human nature and how your surroundings can affect you, but if you arent prepared for uncertain situations that are cause by your surroundings numerous amounts of damage can occur and finally this theme explains why the kids had to grow up so fast. My motifs compare the characters life style to important people throughout history and how they show their similarities and their difference.

Cloud Computing Research

Question: Describe thebarriers to adoption and performance of cloud computing and alsoRisk Identification Matrix,Current EU Legal frameworks,Data Security Metrics? Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is a platform that allows IT Managers to use applications on demand(Mell Grance, 2012). Cloud computing provides flexibility as well as scalability and it saves on capital costs which is why it is adding significant value to businesses who are turning to cloud computing as a model for the use of IT in the enterprises. Cloud computing is application based on service oriented technology that can access information from a common pool of resources. The cloud computing has been increasingly popular in small and medium enterprises as well as used by some bigger organizations. It began with e-mail technology in 1971 and by 2010 we saw the launch of sales forced data basis(Rajaraman, 2012). Three major models of cloud computing are Infrastructure Services, Platform as a Service and software as a Service(Kulkarni, Khatawkar, Gambhir, 2011). Each of these models has different features and advantages. IaaS provides information to networks on demand; take cares of storage and m anages firewalls. Some examples of IaaS are Amazon EC2 and Eucalyptus(Cloud Infrastructure Service Management A Review, 287-292). PaaS is a feature of integrated design used for platform implementation and test development. Some examples of PaaS are Google App Engine and Wave Maker(Rymer Ried, 2011). SaaS is majorly used for collaboration within an outside organization and for managing productivity. Certain complex system such as Enterprise Resource Planning and Customer Resource Planning use this model. Some examples are sales force.com and App Exchange. Although cloud computing offers many benefits to the corporate but it has some barriers that have to be overcome. This paper discusses some of these barriers and ways to mitigated them. Such issues can result into poor performance of cloud and may also lead to loss of data. Thus, it becomes important to study potential barriers as well as make mitigation plans before a company plans to adopt Cloud Computing. This paper would identify various issues and barriers by studying Cloud Computing architectures and understanding potential weaknesses of systems. Further, the paper would explore how companies identify these issues and associated risks and arrive at a mitigation plan. Background One major barrier preventing adoption of cloud technology by enterprises is the perceived risk of using Cloud Computing in the minds of users. One common concern is that enterprises feel that Cloud Computing is less secure than traditional enterprise. However, the fact remains that Cloud Computing can actually be more secure in certain situations. Thus, in order to have expectable level of risks, a company must identify assets and make mitigation plans while adopting cloud technology. Risk identification and mitigation: There are five sources of risks to Cloud Computing. These include users, enterprise, network provider, cloud provider and environment(Catteddu Hogben, 2010). In practice, each of these sources are explored and a cloud Risk Identification Matrix is made and it is found if the risk is high or low depending on likely hood of a risk event, size of the impact caused and eases of mitigation(Gadia, 2011). This matrix creates a risk profile for a specific workload. Change on these workloads on the IT system can be further modifying on this risk profile. These Risks can be segmented into availability issues, integrity and confidential complied or auditing. Thus, the risk profile would include the information about type of risk, the origin of risk and the level of risk(Schotman, Shahim, Mitwalli, 2013). An example of such a matrix is shown below: Figure 1 Risk Identification Matrix User risk Users today access cloud over multiple devices and some of them are privately owned such as BYOD devices. These devices have limited control and thus the risk is higher. If such a device is stolen or lost the data can be accessed by anyone owing the device(Buchhloz, Dunlop, Ross, 2012). Users also used common applications such as Excel and E-mail that are posing high risks to corporate as they can be used for distributing sensitive data beyond the control of a company(Oracle Corporation , 2007). To ensure data protection on a user device, enterprises have to use proper controls. Enterprises risk It is often felt that a private cloud is more secure than a public cloud but in reality, enterprises rarely used industrial-grade data centers that can provide high security leaving scope for risks(Engine Yard, Inc., 2014). To mitigate such risk, cloud providers have to use more comprehensive security procedures. One concern area is enterprise identity access management (IAM). An incomplete understanding of IAM, which is the area of movement into cloud, can lead to risks(Wipro Council for Industrial Research, 2013). Thus, a proper governance process has to be used for IAM. Proper assessments of different sources of risk during migration to cloud computing have to be thoroughly understood. Network provider risk Cloud services can change network topologies and bandwidth requirements there could be two types of networks between the enterprise and cloud providers, and between cloud provider and the user. The network between the cloud provider and enterprise can be control but controlling communication between user and cloud provider is very difficult. Moreover, in case users are spread into wider regions, establishing control can compromise availability. Further, user sections are often high jacked such as done in Man in the Middle attacks(Mkrtchyan, 2010). Although encryptions are used such as in SSL for mitigating such risks, the network can still be broken into by attackers leading to bad impacts on confidentiality and integrity(RistiĆ¡, 2014). Thus, assessment of service quality, network topology and associated risk is required before designing a cloud solution. Cloud provider risk Risks may be caused by cloud providers related to their operations and these risks can affect the organizations. These risks are small but difficult to identify as well as predict the occurrence. It is often considered that service level agreements can solve operational risks but it does not provide any prevention to the occurrence of a risk event. SLAs can only impose incentives on service provider to manage impact events of high frequency but low frequency events are often neglected if such low frequency events go to extremes in attacking, the business can suffer huge losses(Huber Imfeld, 2011). A cloud service provider usually has a redundant server but may not have a disaster recovery for managing for such extreme events(Chen, Longstaff, Carley, 2004). Environment risk Some risk can be caused by political scenarios or natural disasters. For instance, the blogging of Google by Chinese Government in November 2012 has affected business using Google docs as they have denied the services(Hathaway, et al., 2012). A similar issue was caused by the US patriot act on data privacy. United State demanded access to corporate data, which was forbidden by European Union. This resulted in enterprises caught in the middle of the two policies. Natural disasters can cause severe impacts on security of an IT infrastructure. For instance 2011 tsunami of Japan led to Fukushima nuclear energy plants resulting in power shortage(AKIYAMA, SATO, NAITO, NAOI, KATSUTA, 2012) and 2012 Hurricane sandy disrupted services in developed areas of the US. Key concerns that act as barriers to cloud Computing are data availability issues, data security concerns, legal or compliance issues and loss of control over data(Shinde Chavan, 2013). In a mitigation plan for overcoming barriers to Cloud Computing, each of these inhibitors had to be explored and their potential risk has to be studied. The plan would include ways to mitigate these risks. Barriers to Cloud Computing Availability issues: In cloud computing, services are made available on demand. High availability is the demand of all companies adopting cloud computing(Emerson Network Power, 2012). Certain concerns that are important or maintaining high availability include network vulnerability, storage failure and redundancy. Node failure is the biggest concern causing failure in cloud computing. Although there are many applications that work to avoid network failure, they are unable to provide full functionalities and thus, complementary cloud deployments may be done(IBM Global Technology Services , 2011). To prevent network failure, a standard practice followed by major applications is provision of Virtual IP addresses in addition to the static IP for cloud computing. A pair of virtual machines would have static IPs but each of them would be configured to dynamically possess a virtual IP address. In case of failure of one machine, IP address switches to other machine, which can then serve all the traffic. This type of arrangement is called as Active/Passive configuration in which one machine out of a pair of virtual machines is active and other is on standby. This ensures that the cloud remains available even in case of failure. Another challenge may arise in availability if a cloud service provider is taken over by another larger organization resulting in major changes in processes and functions. To avoid any difficulties in such cases, data is prepared in a format, which can be easily imported into the replaced application. A technique, which is used for improving availability, is mirroring in which pair of two disks are created over single disk such as done by RAID 1 Mirror pair. Each of the mirrored disks in such case has the complete data, which allows one to use either of the two disks anytime. If one disk fails, other can be used for obtaining data and thus, the availability of the cloud is increased. For even stronger level of security and availability of data, mirroring can be used on more than one disk. For instance, in RAID 5, there are four identical disks(Gupta, Pande, Qureshi, Sharma, 2011). Data security concerns There are four different types of deployment models and three types of service models. Different forms of Cloud Computing based on these models have different characteristics, collaboration opportunities, and flexibility and thus face different risks. Thus each of the three firms and each of the four deployment models has to be studied to accurately assess associated risk and build a security plan. Each combination of the deployment and hosting models has its specific risk considerations related to threats, response and jurisdiction. Thus, while moving to a cloud technology a risk based approach based on these risk parameters of combinations have to be considered and IT manager has to find the best deployment and hosting combination for risk tolerance and identify security control requirements for this selection. Certain steps may be followed for identification of the best combination. These are: Determine IT assets that are included for cloud deployment. Determine the importance of each IT asset to the organization. This includes assessment of availability, confidentiality and integrity requirements of the assets. It also includes understanding the impacts of the risk on the asset and its parts. Certain questions may be asked to gain this understanding such as: Is there a sensitive data that cannot be placed into the cloud? Is there any application providing a competitive advantage that could be lost in the cloud? Determine deployment models that the organization is most comfortable with. For instance, a critical application can be so important that the company may not want to move it to public cloud. On the other side, a non-critical low value data application would not require a private deployment or extensive security. Each layer of the deployment models has to be studied with a focus on control requirements of the organization(Hurtaud Vaissire, 2011). There are certain information security standard and compliance frameworks that are established for providing security control to cloud computing such as ISO/IEC 27002, NIST SP 800-53 and PCI DSS to choose appropriate framework, a risk based approach has to be taken that means specific risk for the combination of cloud model and deployment have to be identified. Further, potential exposure of information assets to these risks has to be considered. Further, a clear division of responsibilities of risk management between cloud provider and subscriber has to be established. An example of division of control responsibilities between cloud provider and subscriber for SaaS model is shown below: Security Components Security requirements (not exhaustive-for illustrative purpose) Cloud subscriber Cloud provider Identity and Access Management (IAM) While designing IAM solution it controls both current and anticipated requirements. Use access control life cycle that are role-based and secure their authorization. A line access control with requirements of customer as well as regulators. Enable least privilege access. Cyber Threat Revise standards and policies related to vulnerability assessment on the basis of risks. Standards used for winder management should be matured. Security monitoring must be done according to vulnerability management program. Use encryption. Use code reviews at application level and build stringent processes for software development lifecycle. Enable notification for any changes in processes. Privacy Revise programs and privacy statements based on geographical challenges also defines these processes and practices. The processes developed for handling sensitive data must define protection processes, standards and expectable use of data. Establish a process for reporting unauthorized access. Security Operations Security operations and standard policies must be created explicitly. A policy-based approach must be used while accessing cloud services. Establish security operation center; define assessment reporting and responses, considering policy-based approach for managing systems. Regulatory The selected vendor must support regulatory requirement of the information asset. The compliance of the vendor program to the requirements of the contract has to be studied. Multiple regulatory requirements may be studied for creating a security framework for managing control. Resiliency and Availability Standards and policies for enterprise continuity have to be redefined to incorporate backup and replication of data and availability metrics as well as standards must be reestablished. Define replication, failure and reconstitution processes as per disruptions. Assess availability related comments against SLA compliance. Change and release management policies must be used. Use code reviews at application level and build stringent processes for software development lifecycle. Enable notification for release and change management. Have acceptance processes for self-service changes. Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) Establish standard and security policies for ERP and data usage. Define acceptability for using data basis and ERP modules. Data protection, excess provision and security zoning must be established. A single sign-on with strong authentication should be established in the basis of consumer role. For having an efficient mitigation strategy, some security requirements have to be complied by cloud providers including contractual protection, security audits, certifications and standards. Contractual protection makes a vendor use acceptable practices and it can also take care of termination. Security audits can be conducted onsite, tested remotely or done by third parties. Providers must certify the control environment to be used. Further, consenters is required for choosing leverage standards. Legal or compliance issues: Legal framework for cloud computing involves liability, data protection, data portability, application law, compliance and copywriting which changes in technologies of cloud computing, there was an evaluation in the European Union legality framework. At the time of .com hype copyright was added to the directives and by the time Web 2.0 was used as Software as the Service data retention directive was imposed. Figure 2 Current EU Legal frameworks European Union loss applicable to data protection and privacy are defined in the EU Directive 95/46/EC. Additionally, countries have their national acts defined for the same such as Belgian Act, 1992. EU Directive 95/46/EC: As per this directive, data processing systems are made for serving humans and thus these systems must take care of their fundamental rights including privacy, social progress, economic progress and trade expansion. Different individuals depending on their locality need different level of protection as personal data floats across different nations, maintaining this protection can become obstacle to economic progress if national laws protect such a flow from other nations. Thus, the directive states that the level of protection must be equivalent in all member states of a community or a country to overcome this barrier(Union, 1995). Cloud Computing has several challenges related to data management. It is difficult to find the effectiveness of control on the data. Moreover, this issue is further amplified when the data flows across the world. The directive had been useful in overcoming data protection barriers to the flow of data such that economic activities could be enhanced. The directive allows data flows from European Union to other countries only when the other country provides adequate protection. This rule indirectly promotes commercial relationship with European Union. Such a choice of adopting European standards or losing commercial relationships for data flow across borders was also faced by United States that came to terms with EC. The European regulation primarily includes data processing lawfulness and data quality, right to access data, consent by subject based on data processing information, confidentiality and security of data. The EU model provides way to correctly identify responsibility and the responsible person for ensuring data protection. This model is useful even when services are used from service providers working in countries that have low levels of data protection. The applicability of the regulation on cloud service providers depend on nature of user activity, type of data and location of data processing. The directive does not apply if a person is sharing data personally but if the data is generated by a service this may involve asking personal details to users for some purpose like marketing, the data has to be under the control of service provider(Mantelero, 2012). Loss of control over data: Data control is a major concern when a third party is involved in Cloud Computing. A regulatory compliance would require third party to provide transparency, which can affect the momentum of the growth of cloud. Thus, many companies use private clouds to avoid such barriers. However, acquisition of a private cloud is the significant cost and thus consumers tend to use public cloud. There are benefits to using the public cloud such as cheaper data availability and cost efficient data analysis but public clouds have impacts on the privacy of the data negatively. Because of such concerns of privacy, people often anonymous their information. There has been major problems seen in guarding private data which is why EPIC called Google applications for improving privacy guards. As a result Google used 18 months retention policy which allows saving of such data for 18 months after which the data is anonymised. This means identity related data such as IP addresses would be removed after this time span. However, this anonymisation can cause issue when the data is required for analysis. For instance, a data mining applications requires relationship and transactional information of users and anonymisation makes it difficult to have. Authentication by users is being used in cloud computing as a security measure. The security of users is managed by cloud service provider and thus users do not have to bother about data loss. However, increasing use of cloud for data storage increases threats of phishing and stealing of excess credentials. Some services create mash-up of data, which further increases the risk of data leakage. A central access control can to a great extent solve such issues but they are not desirable in a public cloud setting. For instance, Facebook is used for applauding personal data, which can be used by Facebook as well as third party applications running over it. Such applications may not be verified by Facebook opening an opportunity for these applications to create malicious code and steal sensitive data form Facebook(Chow, et al., 2009). New solution To design a new solution for overcoming barriers to cloud computing each of the barriers have to be explored for identification of issues and finding ways to mitigate them. Next, is discussed these issues with respect to the mitigation of these barriers as per the identified problems or risks discussed earlier in this document. Availability issues: Availability is defined by the percentage down time per week, per month, per year. Service level agreements are made on the basis of promise of this availability. For instance, an SLA may promise a customer 99% of availability which would mean that the down time of the system would be 1.68 hours per week, 7.20 hours per month and 3.65 days per year. There can also be multiple availability zones or regions such as in the cases of Google and Microsoft. A violation of such an SLA can make the user eligible for refunds. For instance, Amazon gives the credit of up to 10% of monthly bill as refund in case of such violation. HP has kept this cap on credit at 30%. The cost may be calculated for the resources that are failed such as compute only or storage only. Thus in order to ensure that there are no complications in terms of availability, a service provider must define availability zones and have SLA agreements for acceptable downtimes. These agreements will improve commitment level of service provider and would provide protection to the user. Thus, the user would have more confidence over the use of cloud service(Dimension Data, 2013). Legal or compliance issues: To avoid legal issues, the cloud computing applications and related arrangement must comply with regulatory directive. For this, identification of directives to be followed becomes necessary. Thus, the controller of application feature or data has to be identified and the applicable law has to be understood. Further, one should explore if the applicable law is outside EU. The data controller is the party that defines the purpose of processing and data processer processes the data. The responsibility of adherence to directive can be on controller or processor. Data subjects liability is on controller and thus the controller ha to choose data processers and make arrangements for protection. EU legislation to an extent has the opposite purpose of cloud computing while cloud computing believe in removing direct control, EU legislations wants to control data. A company or a service provider may choose to use a EU- based data center but it would result in very strict protection rules. There would not be any data transfer possible to countries that are outside EU without an educate level of protection. Thus, many service providers avoid doing this. But they have legally enforceable click-rape agreements. Cloud computing contracts can limit the liabilities of the host to certain level. Loss of Control over Data: It is difficult to protect data from outside of a system and thus, a system must deploy protection from inside. Such an approach of data protection can be called information-centric. This would require intelligence to be put in the data itself. The data should be able to describe itself and defend itself in respective of the environment it get into. One such method of self-protection is use of encryption, which is packed with usage policy. When such a data is accessed, the data will recreate an environment for security using virtualization techniques such that the data can be seen only after verification from a trustworthy receiver. Another area that can be worked upon for improvement in cloud services is provision of auditing. Currently cloud providers use manual auditing procedures such as SAS-70. However, if a trusted monitor or auditor can be installed on the cloud server for providing compliance proof to data owner and information in case of excess policy violation, the integrity of cloud system can be maintained. To create this proof of compliance, the monitor code has to sign and once this signed proof of compliance is received by the data owner verification of the code can be done and it can be found if the cloud server is compiling with the policy of access control. This would result in enhanced protection automatically. Although encryption can be a good measure for data protection, it can act as a barrier to cloud computing as it would limit the data use and indexing the data would become problematic. For instance, a clear text data can be easily searched but an encrypted scheme is difficult to find. State- of- the-art- cryptography has new tools to overcome these barriers. Versatile schemes of encryption allow computations and operations on these cipher text. For instance, predicate encryption allows the owner of the data to compute capabilities from the secrete key. This capability can be used for encoding a search query such that the cloud can use the capability to find the documents matching the search query without the need to obtain additional information. Other encryption methods such as homographic encryption and private information retrieval (PIR) can perform computations without the need of decrypting the data. The cryptography cannot only endure privacy but can also address other security concerns. For instance, proofs of retrieve-ability can be used for to ensure correct storage of client data on a server. Data Security: Data security ids a primary challenge in cloud computing and in order to maintain it a service provider needs to have an encryption schema, access control and backup plan. Normal data encryption can affect the efficiency of process of searching making it difficult to conduct active research. Thus, techniques like homomorphic encryption and searchable encryption can be used. But even such techniques have limited usage as they cannot be deployed for large-scale environments. To have an excess control, some privileged excess to the user data may only be given to cloud administrators. Moreover, the backup plan is required to explain the compliance to legal requirements, location of user data, and separation of user data from other users, system restoration capacity, and backup available for recovery and data replication. Further, the data must have a standard format while making it available to users. Security monitoring is required to be done against SLA agreements. Thus security SLAs must defined the security monitoring architecture, configuration, and administration and performance metrics(Vitti, Santos, Westphall, Westphall, Vieira, 2014). Figure 3 Data Security Metrics Evaluation The performance monitoring of the cloud can be used to understand its capabilities and evaluate it to understand if the cloud is able to deliver expected services. This monitoring can be done from the point of view of the service provider or from the view of customer. Various performance measures would include evaluation of infrastructure performance and application performance. Infrastructure performance would be judge by evaluating infrastructure components such as network, storage and virtual machines. It may be difficult to check the performance and judge it against each component and thus infrastructure response time is the measure used for defining infrastructure performance. In addition to this key metric, other resource utilization metrics may also be found such as CPU usage, disk usage, disk latency, percentage busy or ready or used, network bytes, host system state and resource usage, virtual machine state and configuration. For understanding application performance, application resource time is calculated. There are several other parameters that a give the view of cloud performance such as virtualization metrics, transaction metrics and resource utilization. After the performance data is collected reporting is done by analyzing the performance to give a clear view of resources and usage requirements such that a plan can be for the SLA(V, 2012). Figure 4 Cloud Computing The solution proposed here is taking care of all these requirements of monitoring by exploring four major types of issues including availability, data loss, data security and compliance for preparation of SLAs and thus, can be used for as a sound solution to building a sustainable cloud model. Conclusion Cloud computing consists of multiple computers connected together and are made available for processing information technology. It has become a widely used model in the world because of its cost effectiveness and availability. However, the technology also faces certain challenges creating barriers to its adoption or to its performance. The aim of this paper was to explore these barriers, identify associated risks and come up with mitigation plan for overcoming these barriers. Major risks identified in the research were user, enterprise, network, cloud or environment generated. Further, a classification was made to categorize these risks into major issues caused in cloud computing. These were information availability, data loss, data security and legal compliance. The paper explored each of these parameters and identified some major issues in these areas. These were node failure, cloud server downtime, legality framework compliance, privacy impacts, national data laws and more. A solution was proposed for mitigation of barriers in each of the category. For managing availability issues, a service provider must deploy redundant RAID servers that can take the data requests in case of a machine failure. Further, the availability must be defined on the basis of acceptable down time in the SLAs that stand as agreements between user and the service provider to ensure suitable availability. For managing data security, three main processes were suggested for service provider including data encryption, data control definition and backup planning. For ensuring compliance, a service provider can choose to deploy EU complied cloud systems depending on the level of acceptable restrictions. To prevent data loss, an information-centric system must be deployed which makes the data itself strong enough to protect itself through encryption such that it creates a security environment at the destination and displays itself only after the destination user authenticates itself. The solution covers all major issues and thus, can be evaluated as efficient but without having a performance monitoring in place, the evaluation cannot stand confident. Thus, a performance monitoring process was discussed for deployment in the evaluation. In a future research, a real case study can be taken and a cloud service can be monitored using the method after applying the proposed solution. This would reveal the actual efficiency of the suggested solution. References Mell, P., Grance, T. (2012). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. 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