Alcohol Essay - 1160 Words

Student Name: Student Number: Lecturer’s Name: Unit Code: Unit Name: Assessment Title: Due Date: Date of Submission: Date Stamp Received: Extension Details (if applicable): Word Length (excluding list of references): INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT I certify that this assignment is my own work and is free from plagiarism. I understand that the assignment may be checked for plagiarism by electronic or other means and may be transferred and stored in a database for the purposes of data-matching to help detect plagiarism. The assignment has not previously been submitted for assessment in any other unit or to any other institution. I have read and understood Avondale’s Academic Integrity Policy.†¦show more content†¦Because teenagers have not built up much physical tolerance, they are more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol. As people grow, different parts of the brain develop at different rates, depending on whether they are male or female. The pre-frontal cortex houses the part of the brain that controls rational thinking. This does not mature until the age of 19 and will fully mature around the age of 21 in women and 28 in men. Damage to this part of the brain during the time it is being developed causes long t erm effects including memory, personality and behaviour (Young People and Alcohol, 2007-2011). The short term effects of alcohol include poor concentration, slow reflexes, slow reaction time, reduced co-ordination, slower brain activity and perceptions and sensations become less clear (Administrative Office of the Courts, 2014). These effects are dangerous for any teen, because while being intoxicated, they are more likely in to indulge in risky behaviours such as swimming, driving, unsafe or unwanted sex and verbal or physical abuse (Drughouse Clearinghouse 2002). Alcohol harms your co-ordination, reflexes and your judgment, it is linked with an estimated 5,000 deaths in people under the age of 21 each year; more than all illegal drugs combined (The Cool Spot, 2014). According to the NIAAA Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for people between the ages of 15-20. Fatal crashes involving alcohol are twice as common in youngShow MoreRelated Alcohol Abuse Essay1036 Wor ds   |  5 PagesAlcohol is the most commonly used drug in the United States. Although the consumption of alcohol by itself is not a social problem, the continuous and excessive use of alcohol can become problematic. There are four symptoms associated with alcohol dependence which are craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance. 17.6 million People, or one in every 12 adults, suffer from alcohol abuse or dependence along with several million more who engage in risky, binge drinking patterns thatRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Alcohol1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Alcohol Works Cited Not Included Alcohol is a substance that has numerous diverse affects on the body-both positive and negative. Alcohol not only kills brain cells, but when taken in profusion it has almost no constructive affects. Sure it can make one overlook his/her problems, but the consequences of drinking in excess far outweigh the benefits. It is not a crime to get drunk, however alcohol will almost always cause one to conduct them self in a way he or she would notRead MoreAddictions to Work and Alcohol Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagesphysics and English at Brown University, graduating in 1967. â€Å"The Company Man† essay indicates how an excess of work can take over an individual’s life by having emotional impact on the people around them on a daily basis. â€Å"Under Influence† essay shows the readers a family experience with one of the immoral habits, which is the alcoholism. The readers can realize the common purpose of each author writing on both essays is to warn the general pub lic about the negative effects of some of the evil habitsRead More alcohol and advertising Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism andRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol Advertising Millions of Americans suffers from the effects of alcohol and drug abuse. It can shatter lives, brake families, and to rob people of their dreams for the future. Once alcoholism or drug addiction begins, an individuals problems not only dont go away, but their mental well being as well as physical ability continues to diminish from the immediate and long-term adverse effects from the drugs and alcohol abuse. Is it really true that advertising increases alcohol consumptionRead MoreAlcohol Abuse and Alcohol Anonimus Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol Abuse is part of disorder that affects many people throughout the world. Many are aware of the issues the disorder can bring not just on the victim, but also to the people that surround the person with the psychological problem. There are different areas that can be discussed in regards to alcoholism. According to Coon Mitterer (2013), a substance abuse disorder is when there is an abuse or dependence on a psychoactive drug. Alcohol is a substance that can become abusive and bring negativeRead MoreAlcohol as a Gateway Essays779 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol and heavy drinking throughout Canada plays a distinctive role in instigating other key addictions. Drinking and consumption abuse can be linked strongly to the abuse of illicit drugs. Binge drinking should be seen as a gateway or portal to the development of poly-drug users. As the g ateway drug theory suggests, routine use of less harmful drugs, in this case alcohol, will lead to risk of abusing more serious drugs. Alcohol is so readily available and like any other psychoactive drug it canRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Fetish2168 Words   |  9 Pagesmodern world. Alcohol creates freedom and vulnerability for individuals oppressed by the dynamics and speed of everyday life especially in very developed ‘high class’ nations. Alcohol particularly creates this freedom for individuals in disenfranchised populations, where expectations from a foreign â€Å"sophisticated† ideology overwhelm the people of the once free nations. And because alcohol creates a free and youthful state of mind, it becomes fetishized. In order for one to defetishize alcohol, and drinkingRead MoreEssay On Age And Alcohol1883 Words   |  8 Pages A Comparison of Age and Drug/Alcohol Use Jeremy Thompson Murray County Central Abstract The objectives of this discussion will be finding comparisons in drug/alcohol use or intoxications and popultion. This discussion will also look at the income relations to drug/alcohol use. Data was collected from a wide variety of people including: males, females, teens, adults, college students, rural areas, populated areas, and different countries. Some of the data was collected by unbiased and anonymousRead MoreEssay on The Dangerous Effects of Alcohol1597 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is a very serious and dangerous drug, although it is not treated this way anymore. College students have taken drinking to a new level in which, for many, is very scary. Alcohol is much more dangerous than many would think. Kids see a night of drinking as a great way to have fun and party but do not see the consequences. Getting drunk and even blacking out can lead to many problems. When alcohol is consumed in unhealthy amounts, it can lead to not only short-term effects, but long-term

Honesty, Integrity And Craving For Justice - 716 Words

â€Å"No legacy is so rich as honesty† spoke by the greatest leader in the world of literature, William Shakespeare. Honesty, integrity and craving for justice are the imperative aspects of an effective leader. Integrity is all grit. What can a true leader withstand? Being a leader requires daunting tasks, adversary, and faith of a better future. A true leader will adapt and overcome utilizing creativity and problem solving skills. Their grit will be tested and tested again. A leader with integrity demonstrates strength through some of the most difficult obstacles. They do not succumb to fear; they grow and empower the people around them. A crave for justice is important in a leader because they should always stay hungry for fairness in society. They should want justice to be served to every possible being. A bona fide leader should encourage a value of justice in every human because justice instills incentive to be great. An iconic aspect of Lincoln is his honesty, hence the nickname â€Å"Honest Abe.† He proves that the single most important characteristic of an effective leader is honesty. When Lincoln worked as a store clerk he once realized he had overcharged a woman for tea and packaged the amount owned and personally delivered it to her house. Lincoln was a gawky, unique man that proves that not all leaders are picturesque. Effective and influential leadership is shown in history, literature and everyday life. In the literature piece titled â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by WilliamShow MoreRelatedHigh Energy Level And High Levels1559 Words   |  7 Pagesstructure, and create pride in belonging to the unit† (McClelland, 1975, p. 302). Personal Integrity. Values related to integrity include honesty, loyalty, fairness, justice and altruism. A leader s behavior must be consistent with values repeatedly articulated to followers. A leader who hopes to inspire others to support an ideology or vision must set an example through his or her own behavior. Integrity also means taking responsibility for one s actions and decisions (Yukl, 2013, p. 143). NarcissismRead MoreStrategic Leadership3187 Words   |  13 Pagesprofessional level (Flynn Schaumberg, 2012). A leader has to develop diverse response in order to cope with crisis management (Rhee and Valdez, 2009). Workers can trust faithful and sincere leader especially when they have a job to do. Furthermore, honesty and loyalty are the main constituents to a hale and hearty culture in the workplace. Fairness and empathy are also important personality traits of a good leader. Situation where office politics or personal emergencies are involved, the workers shouldRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1859 Words   |  8 Pagesmeets Algernon, who becomes suspicious of his behaviors and figures it out. There is an ironic play on words with the name Ernest because it seems that Jack is not taking on an â€Å"earnest† behavior. Being earnest means having sincerity and showing honesty, which clearly Jack is not. Also, Algernon, who is later discovered to be Jack’s brother, is also pretending to be someone he is not. Jack is in love with Gwendolen, which seems to cause some problems with many characters during the play. The ImportanceRead MoreThe Elements Behind Policing And Police Culture3506 Words   |  15 PagesThe Elements Behind Policing and Police Culture by Tyneiseca Epps Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Master of Science in Criminal Justice Seminar in Law Enforcement Mississippi Valley State University November 18, 2014 The Elements Behind Policing and Police Culture Introduction A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and to limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The termRead MoreSchool Leadership Roles And Responsibilities10143 Words   |  41 Pages(Lickona, p.4, 2004). As educators define what virtues most strongly define character, Lickona argues that the ancient Greeks defined ten. Lickona lists the ten virtues as defined by the ancient Greeks to be wisdom, justice, fortitude, self-control, love, positive attitude, hard work, integrity, gratitude, and humility. The character of a man or woman is defined by a combinations of the strengths and weaknesses of these virtues (Lickona, 2004). Dr. Edwin Hartman (2006) provides an Aristotelian answer toRead MoreQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words   |  100 Pagesexpression source credibility is used commonly to entail the communicator’s positive attributes that affect the recipient’s acceptance of a message. (Ohanian, 1990). Furthermore, the source needs to be trustworthy, in the nous of believability, honesty and ethics.(Belch Belch, 2001). Information from a credible source such as a celebrity has the power to influence the opinions, belief, attitude and behaviour through a process called internalisation based on the assumption that the information

Biography Topics

Are you looking for an interesting person to write about? Youll find that the more you are intrigued or inspired by your subject, the more time youll give to this assignment. This list may inspire you. Try to find a biography subject you enjoy reading about! Albert Einstein (scientist)Alexander Fleming (scientist)Alexander Graham Bell (inventor)Alexander the Great (leader)Amelia Earhart (aviation)Anne Frank (Holocaust)Benjamin Franklin (Founding Father)Betty Ford (inspirational)Carl Sagan (scientist)Charles Lindbergh (aviation)Clarence Birdseye (inventor)Eli Whitney (inventor)Elie Wiesel (Holocaust)Frank Lloyd Wright (architect)George Eastman (inventor)George Washington Carver (agricultural chemist)Henry Ford (industrialist)Isaac Newton (scientist)Jacques Cousteau (explorer)Jane Goodall (anthropologist)Johann Gutenberg (inventor)John Deere (inventor)John F. Kennedy (political leader)John James Audubon (nature)Jonas Salk (scientist, inventor)Karl Benz (inventor)Leonardo da Vinci (scientist and artist)Lewis Braille (inventor)Margaret Mead (anthropologist)Marie Curie (physicist and chemist)Martin Luther King, Jr. (civil rights)Medgar Evers (civil rights)Mohandas Gandhi (political leader)Mother Teresa (Nobel Prize winner)Nelson Mandela (poli tical leader)Patrick Henry (Founding Father)Rachel Carson (conservationist)Robert Goddard (physicist and inventor)Rosa Parks (civil rights)Samuel Morse (inventor)Sandra Day OConnor (political leader)Stephen Hawking (scientist)Susan B. Anthony (famous women)Thomas Edison (inventor)W.E.B. Dubois (civil rights)Wright Brothers (inventors)Winston Churchill (political leader)

Project Risk Management - 1805 Words

Project Final 1. Why should all projects include risk in their project planning? What are some of the drawbacks if risks are not considered? Technology projects worldwide are costing companies billions of dollars more than they budgeted for, and almost half don’t live up to the clients’ expectations (Kendrick, 2009). Newspapers and business trumpet few project successes, but a massive number of failures. As projects grow larger and more complex with every passing year, their outcome, both successes and failures, become fodder for the media and the competition. Unfortunately, project failures tend to predominate as they not only make sensational stories, but also are far more common. The mismanagement of projects to develop the†¦show more content†¦If this is the case, who is going to do it? In general, what will be the resources we employ for the whole process? | WHY: | What is the point of this analysis? What will be the benefits? | WHAT: | What will be the format? | HOW: | How will we carry it out in terms of the process? | WHEN: | When will we carry it out? | In other words, we will need to define exactly what the Risk Management Process is, including the resource and then to plan how it will be managed. WHO: Make sure we get the backing of senior managers by finding out exactly what is required and getting suitable input from them. In addition, make sure other managers and key staff is involved in the input. This will include technical expertise and the makeup of the risk analysis team. Identify the communication channels and links between the risk analysis team and the other personnel. The nature of the risk analysis team and its remit needs clarification. Do they report to the project manager or do they report to a higher level e.g. the board. If the team reports to the board then they must be able to do this in an objective manner. Remember that the efficiency of the project management team in general can be the highest risk to the project. If the quality of staff is poor then this will need to be addressed early and not avoided. Make sure that control isShow MoreRelatedProject Risk And Risk Management1412 Words   |  6 Pages1- Abstract: Project Risk is an undefined event that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative impact in the project’s results. There are two types of risks can affect the project, they are threats and opportunities. The first affects negatively and the second affects positively. These risks can be individual risks or overall project risk. The project risk management includes six process: 1- Risk Management Planning: Deciding how to plan and execute the activities. 2- Risk Identification: DeterminingRead MoreProject Risk Management : Project Management3143 Words   |  13 Pages Project Risk Management Assessment Essay Student ID: 27465209 Word Count: 2997 MANG6143 Project Risk Management Prof Chris Chapman University of Southampton March 2015 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. PART1: PUMP approach 4 3. PART2: Third phase in PUMP approach 9 4. PART3: Evaluation phase in PUMP approach 13 5. References 16 Introduction The completion of any project depends on the execution of various parameters mostly set at the beginning of the project. In order to complete theRead MoreRisk Management Of A Project1504 Words   |  7 PagesRisk management to mitigate identified risks According to Pelletier Albright, 2010 (pp. 523-560), risk management in a project should create value by ensuring that the cost of mitigating the risk is less than the perceived risk. Also the mitigation process should already be a fundamental part of the organization. There is already a commitment to patient safety education as indicated in the Nurse Anesthesia trainee curriculum, however, the specific focus on near miss education and error managementRead MoreProject Risk Management4330 Words   |  18 PagesPAPER ON :PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT BY: DIPTENDU BASU PNR NO: 001 EXECUTIVE MBA (2012-14) ABSTRUCT Risk is everywhere. From driving a car to parachuting, risk is inherent in the activities we choose. Within a project, risks are unplanned events or conditions that can have a positive or negative effect on its success. Not all risks are bad, but almost all are seen as a threat. Even the most carefully planned project can run into trouble. No matter how well you plan, your project can alwaysRead MoreProject Risk Management2257 Words   |  10 PagesRisk ( the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative) the probability of unfortunate events . Risks can come from uncertainty in financial markets, project failures, legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes and disasters as well as deliberate attacks from an adversary. Project finance is different from traditional forms of finance because the financier principally looks to the assets and revenue of the project in order to secure and service the loan. In contrastRead MoreProject Management : Risk Management2441 Words   |  10 Pages1 Executive Summary Risk is defined as an event that has a probability of occurring, and could have either a positive or negative impact to a project should that risk occur. Project managers should keep a watchful eye on all of the project s risks as they have a direct impact on a project’s cost, schedule, and performance. All projects assume some element of risk, and it’s through risk management where tools and techniques are applied to monitor and track those events that have the potential toRead MoreImportance Of Project Risk Management Project Management2916 Words   |  12 PagesWan The Importance of Project Risk Management Project management has become a really important aspect that companies have started to take advantage to have success in their projects. Within project management, there are ten areas that are specific to different parts of a project, such as communications, time, scope, and cost. This paper will focus specifically on one, known as project risk management. The reason why this area was chosen is because this area focuses on the risks that can occur outsideRead MoreProject Risk Management - Holyrood Project5687 Words   |  23 PagesProject Risk Management | M3N313401-12-B | Group report    Jenna McCall : S1O21235 Adelle Kelly : S1023858 Angela Mitchell : S1034517 Luciano Farias : S1306729 Iaponaira de Abreu : S1306726 | Read MoreEffective Management Of Project Risk Management1435 Words   |  6 PagesGood Risk Management – Good governance This article describes the effective management of project risks in an educational institution. In this article I’ll be talking about the information that are useful to the board members as well as the team with their risk management efforts. â€Å"In the future we will look at risks affecting the whole of an organization and its place in the community. We will address both upside and downside consequences, and our view will be enterprise-wide, integrated and holisticRead MoreProject Risk Management Plan1382 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Project Risk Management Plan PM/584 July 14, 2014 Project Risk Management Plan The purpose of the risk management plan is to identify any event or condition that may occur which could have a positive or negative affect on the project. Risks management is the process of identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, and reporting risks. The Risks Management Plan will define how risks associated with the Baderman Island Casino Hotel project will be identified, analyzed

Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants Free Essays

Many people migrate to the USA for several reasons, to get better life. As we all know the USA is highly developed economically and technologically, and it can become a different world to most immigrants. Thus, immigrants face various challenges during the first and second year of their entrance in to the USA. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among the challenges, language, getting a job and culture are common for most of immigrants. The first challenge for immigrants is the language barrier. Since English is the second or third language for most immigrants, they face a lot of problems to communicate. Although, immigrants have some knowledge of English, the pronunciation of most words is different. So they can’t understand and communicate very easily. Furthermore, the accent of native speakers, Mexicans, Black Americans, and Chinese is different. This complicates the communication and creates stress for immigrants. For example, I came to the USA recently. I have some knowledge of English, but when I took my kids to the hospitals, go to shopping, and even when I was applying to this college, I found people who use different pronunciation and accent. Sometimes, I heard 50% to 90% of what people said and likewise they were not able to understand me, even though I was talking in English. As a result, â€Å"I’m sorry†, â€Å"say again†, â€Å"pardon† were my day to day words I used and heard for a couple of months. Therefore, language is the first big challenge that all immigrants face. The second challenging obstacle for immigrants is getting a job. Since language is a problem for immigrants, most of them failed in job interviews. Even though they are educated and professionals in their home country, it costs and takes time for their education to be accepted here. Thus, getting a job is tough. Especially now, following the economic crisis of the world, there are many layoffs and getting a job is like a miracle to most immigrants. In addition, the jobs available for immigrants are manual labor jobs that are tiresome. These jobs may also have fewer hours and surely have minimum pay. Therefore, immigrants will be forced to find another tiresome job to cover their living expenses. But getting another job is another worry for immigrants. Here I am going to give my husband’s experiences. As soon as we reached America and got our social security numbers, my husband tried to search and apply for jobs. After several months and trial, he got a part time job with minimum wage. His salary is not enough to cover our expenses, and now he is searching another job, but none has been found. Thus, following the language barrier, getting a job is a big challenging to immigrants. Culture is the third challenge that immigrants face here. Immigrants have their own cultures and living styles in their home country. The culture of dressing, talking, eating, social life etc†¦ is different here from immigrants’ home country. For example, here man and woman can kiss on the lips anywhere, but this is taboo in my country, Ethiopia. Another example is the way girls’ dress, here girls can wear whatever they like such as shorts and mini dresses. However, in my country, this is not accepted and girls should wear clothes that don’t expose their body. Thus, they should wear shorts and dresses which are below to their knees. The other thing here people eat their food anywhere; they can even eat walking on the street. However, in my country people, especially girls, cannot walk on the street while eating or drinking. There are several customs here that are counted as taboo in my culture. Therefore, the cultural differences make immigrants to be confused and shocked until they accustomed to it. As time passes, immigrants will manage and defeat the obstacles through several exposures and practice. Then, after passing through the obstacles, immigrants will enjoy a better life and even be in higher positions like senators, vice-presidents and also president of America. How to cite Challenging Obstacles for Immigrants, Essay examples

In Lord of the Files the story is in piling you are up lifted with compassion and concern for the children Essay Example For Students

In Lord of the Files the story is in piling you are up lifted with compassion and concern for the children Essay In Lord of the Files the story is in piling you are up lifted with compassion and concern for the children. The boys realize they are no longer in a place they would call home but in area that would seemly be described has the wilderness. The reason is because they were engulfed in sand that surrounded them, which lead to the mouth of the forest. These very boys realize they have some growing up to do, in the way they are going to encounter many obstacles ahead that other wise would seem in possible to deal with if they cant work together. This introduction is describing Civilization vs. Survival. The theme will set the tone were the motifs will support the main motive completing the story. On a deserted island a social formation has taken form. This social form is the Conch Shell it represents the communication with in the tribe this shell was the motif that set the stage in the play and from their the on fronted for control and greed. The shell is also a discipline tool for anyone who holds it. If anything happens to the shell this civilization, which they have instituted, will crumble and will continue to go down until there is nothing else left. PP. 10-18 Ralph is seen has the leader but lacks the ability of Piggy intelligent. Ralph doesnt like the fact he is begin disenfranchise by his own group and has a result this child endure the pain he lives in a world driven by fear and but has scent to bounce back from a hard time because his own group start to take order from another character in the story. PP. 2-46, 58-70 When Ralph is begin disowned by his own organization choose to compare him to Martin Luther a priest who believed that writing the bible in away that shows that everyone can understand what is begin written would help people get closer to God but many people had other ideas concerning the writing of the text which had different meaning towards other who challenge his idea writing. Roger is compared to the devil. The reason is because he thinks out a plan to c atch his victim then he waits to devoir them whole. This individual showed a physical and mental change during the time in which he plans to kill Simon . The way he kills him shows what type of character he has and what is his motive for doing it. He was a murder who wanted to make his present now throughout the tribe and the dishonestly that took an apart a socialize community. PP. 62- 72,149-155 Simon is compared to Jesus because he shows that helping others brings about change in side of you. When Simon finally dies his death is not remember like Jesus who rose again three days later instead Simon death brought pain so you see the dilemma between the two. Simon was the good guy he was a peacemaker who wanted good and understood the price it took to get it. PP. 7-12, 58-62, 150-155 The analysis information shared in the story and how I use the theme and the motif describes the feelings I have toward the story and the writer. My theme described the human nature and how your surroundings can affect you, but if you arent prepared for uncertain situations that are cause by your surroundings numerous amounts of damage can occur and finally this theme explains why the kids had to grow up so fast. My motifs compare the characters life style to important people throughout history and how they show their similarities and their difference.

Cloud Computing Research

Question: Describe thebarriers to adoption and performance of cloud computing and alsoRisk Identification Matrix,Current EU Legal frameworks,Data Security Metrics? Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is a platform that allows IT Managers to use applications on demand(Mell Grance, 2012). Cloud computing provides flexibility as well as scalability and it saves on capital costs which is why it is adding significant value to businesses who are turning to cloud computing as a model for the use of IT in the enterprises. Cloud computing is application based on service oriented technology that can access information from a common pool of resources. The cloud computing has been increasingly popular in small and medium enterprises as well as used by some bigger organizations. It began with e-mail technology in 1971 and by 2010 we saw the launch of sales forced data basis(Rajaraman, 2012). Three major models of cloud computing are Infrastructure Services, Platform as a Service and software as a Service(Kulkarni, Khatawkar, Gambhir, 2011). Each of these models has different features and advantages. IaaS provides information to networks on demand; take cares of storage and m anages firewalls. Some examples of IaaS are Amazon EC2 and Eucalyptus(Cloud Infrastructure Service Management A Review, 287-292). PaaS is a feature of integrated design used for platform implementation and test development. Some examples of PaaS are Google App Engine and Wave Maker(Rymer Ried, 2011). SaaS is majorly used for collaboration within an outside organization and for managing productivity. Certain complex system such as Enterprise Resource Planning and Customer Resource Planning use this model. Some examples are sales force.com and App Exchange. Although cloud computing offers many benefits to the corporate but it has some barriers that have to be overcome. This paper discusses some of these barriers and ways to mitigated them. Such issues can result into poor performance of cloud and may also lead to loss of data. Thus, it becomes important to study potential barriers as well as make mitigation plans before a company plans to adopt Cloud Computing. This paper would identify various issues and barriers by studying Cloud Computing architectures and understanding potential weaknesses of systems. Further, the paper would explore how companies identify these issues and associated risks and arrive at a mitigation plan. Background One major barrier preventing adoption of cloud technology by enterprises is the perceived risk of using Cloud Computing in the minds of users. One common concern is that enterprises feel that Cloud Computing is less secure than traditional enterprise. However, the fact remains that Cloud Computing can actually be more secure in certain situations. Thus, in order to have expectable level of risks, a company must identify assets and make mitigation plans while adopting cloud technology. Risk identification and mitigation: There are five sources of risks to Cloud Computing. These include users, enterprise, network provider, cloud provider and environment(Catteddu Hogben, 2010). In practice, each of these sources are explored and a cloud Risk Identification Matrix is made and it is found if the risk is high or low depending on likely hood of a risk event, size of the impact caused and eases of mitigation(Gadia, 2011). This matrix creates a risk profile for a specific workload. Change on these workloads on the IT system can be further modifying on this risk profile. These Risks can be segmented into availability issues, integrity and confidential complied or auditing. Thus, the risk profile would include the information about type of risk, the origin of risk and the level of risk(Schotman, Shahim, Mitwalli, 2013). An example of such a matrix is shown below: Figure 1 Risk Identification Matrix User risk Users today access cloud over multiple devices and some of them are privately owned such as BYOD devices. These devices have limited control and thus the risk is higher. If such a device is stolen or lost the data can be accessed by anyone owing the device(Buchhloz, Dunlop, Ross, 2012). Users also used common applications such as Excel and E-mail that are posing high risks to corporate as they can be used for distributing sensitive data beyond the control of a company(Oracle Corporation , 2007). To ensure data protection on a user device, enterprises have to use proper controls. Enterprises risk It is often felt that a private cloud is more secure than a public cloud but in reality, enterprises rarely used industrial-grade data centers that can provide high security leaving scope for risks(Engine Yard, Inc., 2014). To mitigate such risk, cloud providers have to use more comprehensive security procedures. One concern area is enterprise identity access management (IAM). An incomplete understanding of IAM, which is the area of movement into cloud, can lead to risks(Wipro Council for Industrial Research, 2013). Thus, a proper governance process has to be used for IAM. Proper assessments of different sources of risk during migration to cloud computing have to be thoroughly understood. Network provider risk Cloud services can change network topologies and bandwidth requirements there could be two types of networks between the enterprise and cloud providers, and between cloud provider and the user. The network between the cloud provider and enterprise can be control but controlling communication between user and cloud provider is very difficult. Moreover, in case users are spread into wider regions, establishing control can compromise availability. Further, user sections are often high jacked such as done in Man in the Middle attacks(Mkrtchyan, 2010). Although encryptions are used such as in SSL for mitigating such risks, the network can still be broken into by attackers leading to bad impacts on confidentiality and integrity(RistiĆ¡, 2014). Thus, assessment of service quality, network topology and associated risk is required before designing a cloud solution. Cloud provider risk Risks may be caused by cloud providers related to their operations and these risks can affect the organizations. These risks are small but difficult to identify as well as predict the occurrence. It is often considered that service level agreements can solve operational risks but it does not provide any prevention to the occurrence of a risk event. SLAs can only impose incentives on service provider to manage impact events of high frequency but low frequency events are often neglected if such low frequency events go to extremes in attacking, the business can suffer huge losses(Huber Imfeld, 2011). A cloud service provider usually has a redundant server but may not have a disaster recovery for managing for such extreme events(Chen, Longstaff, Carley, 2004). Environment risk Some risk can be caused by political scenarios or natural disasters. For instance, the blogging of Google by Chinese Government in November 2012 has affected business using Google docs as they have denied the services(Hathaway, et al., 2012). A similar issue was caused by the US patriot act on data privacy. United State demanded access to corporate data, which was forbidden by European Union. This resulted in enterprises caught in the middle of the two policies. Natural disasters can cause severe impacts on security of an IT infrastructure. For instance 2011 tsunami of Japan led to Fukushima nuclear energy plants resulting in power shortage(AKIYAMA, SATO, NAITO, NAOI, KATSUTA, 2012) and 2012 Hurricane sandy disrupted services in developed areas of the US. Key concerns that act as barriers to cloud Computing are data availability issues, data security concerns, legal or compliance issues and loss of control over data(Shinde Chavan, 2013). In a mitigation plan for overcoming barriers to Cloud Computing, each of these inhibitors had to be explored and their potential risk has to be studied. The plan would include ways to mitigate these risks. Barriers to Cloud Computing Availability issues: In cloud computing, services are made available on demand. High availability is the demand of all companies adopting cloud computing(Emerson Network Power, 2012). Certain concerns that are important or maintaining high availability include network vulnerability, storage failure and redundancy. Node failure is the biggest concern causing failure in cloud computing. Although there are many applications that work to avoid network failure, they are unable to provide full functionalities and thus, complementary cloud deployments may be done(IBM Global Technology Services , 2011). To prevent network failure, a standard practice followed by major applications is provision of Virtual IP addresses in addition to the static IP for cloud computing. A pair of virtual machines would have static IPs but each of them would be configured to dynamically possess a virtual IP address. In case of failure of one machine, IP address switches to other machine, which can then serve all the traffic. This type of arrangement is called as Active/Passive configuration in which one machine out of a pair of virtual machines is active and other is on standby. This ensures that the cloud remains available even in case of failure. Another challenge may arise in availability if a cloud service provider is taken over by another larger organization resulting in major changes in processes and functions. To avoid any difficulties in such cases, data is prepared in a format, which can be easily imported into the replaced application. A technique, which is used for improving availability, is mirroring in which pair of two disks are created over single disk such as done by RAID 1 Mirror pair. Each of the mirrored disks in such case has the complete data, which allows one to use either of the two disks anytime. If one disk fails, other can be used for obtaining data and thus, the availability of the cloud is increased. For even stronger level of security and availability of data, mirroring can be used on more than one disk. For instance, in RAID 5, there are four identical disks(Gupta, Pande, Qureshi, Sharma, 2011). Data security concerns There are four different types of deployment models and three types of service models. Different forms of Cloud Computing based on these models have different characteristics, collaboration opportunities, and flexibility and thus face different risks. Thus each of the three firms and each of the four deployment models has to be studied to accurately assess associated risk and build a security plan. Each combination of the deployment and hosting models has its specific risk considerations related to threats, response and jurisdiction. Thus, while moving to a cloud technology a risk based approach based on these risk parameters of combinations have to be considered and IT manager has to find the best deployment and hosting combination for risk tolerance and identify security control requirements for this selection. Certain steps may be followed for identification of the best combination. These are: Determine IT assets that are included for cloud deployment. Determine the importance of each IT asset to the organization. This includes assessment of availability, confidentiality and integrity requirements of the assets. It also includes understanding the impacts of the risk on the asset and its parts. Certain questions may be asked to gain this understanding such as: Is there a sensitive data that cannot be placed into the cloud? Is there any application providing a competitive advantage that could be lost in the cloud? Determine deployment models that the organization is most comfortable with. For instance, a critical application can be so important that the company may not want to move it to public cloud. On the other side, a non-critical low value data application would not require a private deployment or extensive security. Each layer of the deployment models has to be studied with a focus on control requirements of the organization(Hurtaud Vaissire, 2011). There are certain information security standard and compliance frameworks that are established for providing security control to cloud computing such as ISO/IEC 27002, NIST SP 800-53 and PCI DSS to choose appropriate framework, a risk based approach has to be taken that means specific risk for the combination of cloud model and deployment have to be identified. Further, potential exposure of information assets to these risks has to be considered. Further, a clear division of responsibilities of risk management between cloud provider and subscriber has to be established. An example of division of control responsibilities between cloud provider and subscriber for SaaS model is shown below: Security Components Security requirements (not exhaustive-for illustrative purpose) Cloud subscriber Cloud provider Identity and Access Management (IAM) While designing IAM solution it controls both current and anticipated requirements. Use access control life cycle that are role-based and secure their authorization. A line access control with requirements of customer as well as regulators. Enable least privilege access. Cyber Threat Revise standards and policies related to vulnerability assessment on the basis of risks. Standards used for winder management should be matured. Security monitoring must be done according to vulnerability management program. Use encryption. Use code reviews at application level and build stringent processes for software development lifecycle. Enable notification for any changes in processes. Privacy Revise programs and privacy statements based on geographical challenges also defines these processes and practices. The processes developed for handling sensitive data must define protection processes, standards and expectable use of data. Establish a process for reporting unauthorized access. Security Operations Security operations and standard policies must be created explicitly. A policy-based approach must be used while accessing cloud services. Establish security operation center; define assessment reporting and responses, considering policy-based approach for managing systems. Regulatory The selected vendor must support regulatory requirement of the information asset. The compliance of the vendor program to the requirements of the contract has to be studied. Multiple regulatory requirements may be studied for creating a security framework for managing control. Resiliency and Availability Standards and policies for enterprise continuity have to be redefined to incorporate backup and replication of data and availability metrics as well as standards must be reestablished. Define replication, failure and reconstitution processes as per disruptions. Assess availability related comments against SLA compliance. Change and release management policies must be used. Use code reviews at application level and build stringent processes for software development lifecycle. Enable notification for release and change management. Have acceptance processes for self-service changes. Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) Establish standard and security policies for ERP and data usage. Define acceptability for using data basis and ERP modules. Data protection, excess provision and security zoning must be established. A single sign-on with strong authentication should be established in the basis of consumer role. For having an efficient mitigation strategy, some security requirements have to be complied by cloud providers including contractual protection, security audits, certifications and standards. Contractual protection makes a vendor use acceptable practices and it can also take care of termination. Security audits can be conducted onsite, tested remotely or done by third parties. Providers must certify the control environment to be used. Further, consenters is required for choosing leverage standards. Legal or compliance issues: Legal framework for cloud computing involves liability, data protection, data portability, application law, compliance and copywriting which changes in technologies of cloud computing, there was an evaluation in the European Union legality framework. At the time of .com hype copyright was added to the directives and by the time Web 2.0 was used as Software as the Service data retention directive was imposed. Figure 2 Current EU Legal frameworks European Union loss applicable to data protection and privacy are defined in the EU Directive 95/46/EC. Additionally, countries have their national acts defined for the same such as Belgian Act, 1992. EU Directive 95/46/EC: As per this directive, data processing systems are made for serving humans and thus these systems must take care of their fundamental rights including privacy, social progress, economic progress and trade expansion. Different individuals depending on their locality need different level of protection as personal data floats across different nations, maintaining this protection can become obstacle to economic progress if national laws protect such a flow from other nations. Thus, the directive states that the level of protection must be equivalent in all member states of a community or a country to overcome this barrier(Union, 1995). Cloud Computing has several challenges related to data management. It is difficult to find the effectiveness of control on the data. Moreover, this issue is further amplified when the data flows across the world. The directive had been useful in overcoming data protection barriers to the flow of data such that economic activities could be enhanced. The directive allows data flows from European Union to other countries only when the other country provides adequate protection. This rule indirectly promotes commercial relationship with European Union. Such a choice of adopting European standards or losing commercial relationships for data flow across borders was also faced by United States that came to terms with EC. The European regulation primarily includes data processing lawfulness and data quality, right to access data, consent by subject based on data processing information, confidentiality and security of data. The EU model provides way to correctly identify responsibility and the responsible person for ensuring data protection. This model is useful even when services are used from service providers working in countries that have low levels of data protection. The applicability of the regulation on cloud service providers depend on nature of user activity, type of data and location of data processing. The directive does not apply if a person is sharing data personally but if the data is generated by a service this may involve asking personal details to users for some purpose like marketing, the data has to be under the control of service provider(Mantelero, 2012). Loss of control over data: Data control is a major concern when a third party is involved in Cloud Computing. A regulatory compliance would require third party to provide transparency, which can affect the momentum of the growth of cloud. Thus, many companies use private clouds to avoid such barriers. However, acquisition of a private cloud is the significant cost and thus consumers tend to use public cloud. There are benefits to using the public cloud such as cheaper data availability and cost efficient data analysis but public clouds have impacts on the privacy of the data negatively. Because of such concerns of privacy, people often anonymous their information. There has been major problems seen in guarding private data which is why EPIC called Google applications for improving privacy guards. As a result Google used 18 months retention policy which allows saving of such data for 18 months after which the data is anonymised. This means identity related data such as IP addresses would be removed after this time span. However, this anonymisation can cause issue when the data is required for analysis. For instance, a data mining applications requires relationship and transactional information of users and anonymisation makes it difficult to have. Authentication by users is being used in cloud computing as a security measure. The security of users is managed by cloud service provider and thus users do not have to bother about data loss. However, increasing use of cloud for data storage increases threats of phishing and stealing of excess credentials. Some services create mash-up of data, which further increases the risk of data leakage. A central access control can to a great extent solve such issues but they are not desirable in a public cloud setting. For instance, Facebook is used for applauding personal data, which can be used by Facebook as well as third party applications running over it. Such applications may not be verified by Facebook opening an opportunity for these applications to create malicious code and steal sensitive data form Facebook(Chow, et al., 2009). New solution To design a new solution for overcoming barriers to cloud computing each of the barriers have to be explored for identification of issues and finding ways to mitigate them. Next, is discussed these issues with respect to the mitigation of these barriers as per the identified problems or risks discussed earlier in this document. Availability issues: Availability is defined by the percentage down time per week, per month, per year. Service level agreements are made on the basis of promise of this availability. For instance, an SLA may promise a customer 99% of availability which would mean that the down time of the system would be 1.68 hours per week, 7.20 hours per month and 3.65 days per year. There can also be multiple availability zones or regions such as in the cases of Google and Microsoft. A violation of such an SLA can make the user eligible for refunds. For instance, Amazon gives the credit of up to 10% of monthly bill as refund in case of such violation. HP has kept this cap on credit at 30%. The cost may be calculated for the resources that are failed such as compute only or storage only. Thus in order to ensure that there are no complications in terms of availability, a service provider must define availability zones and have SLA agreements for acceptable downtimes. These agreements will improve commitment level of service provider and would provide protection to the user. Thus, the user would have more confidence over the use of cloud service(Dimension Data, 2013). Legal or compliance issues: To avoid legal issues, the cloud computing applications and related arrangement must comply with regulatory directive. For this, identification of directives to be followed becomes necessary. Thus, the controller of application feature or data has to be identified and the applicable law has to be understood. Further, one should explore if the applicable law is outside EU. The data controller is the party that defines the purpose of processing and data processer processes the data. The responsibility of adherence to directive can be on controller or processor. Data subjects liability is on controller and thus the controller ha to choose data processers and make arrangements for protection. EU legislation to an extent has the opposite purpose of cloud computing while cloud computing believe in removing direct control, EU legislations wants to control data. A company or a service provider may choose to use a EU- based data center but it would result in very strict protection rules. There would not be any data transfer possible to countries that are outside EU without an educate level of protection. Thus, many service providers avoid doing this. But they have legally enforceable click-rape agreements. Cloud computing contracts can limit the liabilities of the host to certain level. Loss of Control over Data: It is difficult to protect data from outside of a system and thus, a system must deploy protection from inside. Such an approach of data protection can be called information-centric. This would require intelligence to be put in the data itself. The data should be able to describe itself and defend itself in respective of the environment it get into. One such method of self-protection is use of encryption, which is packed with usage policy. When such a data is accessed, the data will recreate an environment for security using virtualization techniques such that the data can be seen only after verification from a trustworthy receiver. Another area that can be worked upon for improvement in cloud services is provision of auditing. Currently cloud providers use manual auditing procedures such as SAS-70. However, if a trusted monitor or auditor can be installed on the cloud server for providing compliance proof to data owner and information in case of excess policy violation, the integrity of cloud system can be maintained. To create this proof of compliance, the monitor code has to sign and once this signed proof of compliance is received by the data owner verification of the code can be done and it can be found if the cloud server is compiling with the policy of access control. This would result in enhanced protection automatically. Although encryption can be a good measure for data protection, it can act as a barrier to cloud computing as it would limit the data use and indexing the data would become problematic. For instance, a clear text data can be easily searched but an encrypted scheme is difficult to find. State- of- the-art- cryptography has new tools to overcome these barriers. Versatile schemes of encryption allow computations and operations on these cipher text. For instance, predicate encryption allows the owner of the data to compute capabilities from the secrete key. This capability can be used for encoding a search query such that the cloud can use the capability to find the documents matching the search query without the need to obtain additional information. Other encryption methods such as homographic encryption and private information retrieval (PIR) can perform computations without the need of decrypting the data. The cryptography cannot only endure privacy but can also address other security concerns. For instance, proofs of retrieve-ability can be used for to ensure correct storage of client data on a server. Data Security: Data security ids a primary challenge in cloud computing and in order to maintain it a service provider needs to have an encryption schema, access control and backup plan. Normal data encryption can affect the efficiency of process of searching making it difficult to conduct active research. Thus, techniques like homomorphic encryption and searchable encryption can be used. But even such techniques have limited usage as they cannot be deployed for large-scale environments. To have an excess control, some privileged excess to the user data may only be given to cloud administrators. Moreover, the backup plan is required to explain the compliance to legal requirements, location of user data, and separation of user data from other users, system restoration capacity, and backup available for recovery and data replication. Further, the data must have a standard format while making it available to users. Security monitoring is required to be done against SLA agreements. Thus security SLAs must defined the security monitoring architecture, configuration, and administration and performance metrics(Vitti, Santos, Westphall, Westphall, Vieira, 2014). Figure 3 Data Security Metrics Evaluation The performance monitoring of the cloud can be used to understand its capabilities and evaluate it to understand if the cloud is able to deliver expected services. This monitoring can be done from the point of view of the service provider or from the view of customer. Various performance measures would include evaluation of infrastructure performance and application performance. Infrastructure performance would be judge by evaluating infrastructure components such as network, storage and virtual machines. It may be difficult to check the performance and judge it against each component and thus infrastructure response time is the measure used for defining infrastructure performance. In addition to this key metric, other resource utilization metrics may also be found such as CPU usage, disk usage, disk latency, percentage busy or ready or used, network bytes, host system state and resource usage, virtual machine state and configuration. For understanding application performance, application resource time is calculated. There are several other parameters that a give the view of cloud performance such as virtualization metrics, transaction metrics and resource utilization. After the performance data is collected reporting is done by analyzing the performance to give a clear view of resources and usage requirements such that a plan can be for the SLA(V, 2012). Figure 4 Cloud Computing The solution proposed here is taking care of all these requirements of monitoring by exploring four major types of issues including availability, data loss, data security and compliance for preparation of SLAs and thus, can be used for as a sound solution to building a sustainable cloud model. Conclusion Cloud computing consists of multiple computers connected together and are made available for processing information technology. It has become a widely used model in the world because of its cost effectiveness and availability. However, the technology also faces certain challenges creating barriers to its adoption or to its performance. The aim of this paper was to explore these barriers, identify associated risks and come up with mitigation plan for overcoming these barriers. Major risks identified in the research were user, enterprise, network, cloud or environment generated. Further, a classification was made to categorize these risks into major issues caused in cloud computing. These were information availability, data loss, data security and legal compliance. The paper explored each of these parameters and identified some major issues in these areas. These were node failure, cloud server downtime, legality framework compliance, privacy impacts, national data laws and more. A solution was proposed for mitigation of barriers in each of the category. For managing availability issues, a service provider must deploy redundant RAID servers that can take the data requests in case of a machine failure. Further, the availability must be defined on the basis of acceptable down time in the SLAs that stand as agreements between user and the service provider to ensure suitable availability. For managing data security, three main processes were suggested for service provider including data encryption, data control definition and backup planning. For ensuring compliance, a service provider can choose to deploy EU complied cloud systems depending on the level of acceptable restrictions. To prevent data loss, an information-centric system must be deployed which makes the data itself strong enough to protect itself through encryption such that it creates a security environment at the destination and displays itself only after the destination user authenticates itself. The solution covers all major issues and thus, can be evaluated as efficient but without having a performance monitoring in place, the evaluation cannot stand confident. Thus, a performance monitoring process was discussed for deployment in the evaluation. In a future research, a real case study can be taken and a cloud service can be monitored using the method after applying the proposed solution. This would reveal the actual efficiency of the suggested solution. References Mell, P., Grance, T. (2012). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. 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